Types of Food Styling

Have you ever seen a picture of food that makes you craving and hungry? This is food stylist job to make food look fresh, good, tempting and irresistible. What is food stylist? The food stylist’s job is to create food and dishes that appear in magazines, cookbooks, advertisements, food packaging, television commercials, and sometimes even feature films. Using behind the scenes magic and culinary artistry, a food stylist is responsible for making food look exciting, enticing, and effortlessly prepared – in essence, seducing the viewer.The food stylist brings to a photograph a creative eye, expertise in food preparation, and artistic interpretation of the black-and-white words of recipe (Lou Manna, NYC, 2005). Food is styled to be photographed for different purposes either for editorial photos such as magazines, and cookbooks or for commercial purposes such as advertising, packaging and labeling. Food stylist must know how to create a creativity on photos to make a photos look real, fresh and can attract audience.Editorial purposes in food styling can considered as most famous and exciting job because food stylist can use he/she unlimited creativity to make food look good and attractive. Food stylist is not tied to any concept or idea. Examples of editorial are newspapers, magazines, menu books, cookbooks and recipe books. Food stylist can use as many props to make food look beautiful. The quality of photos does not need as good as advertising but it is good enough to be published in cookbooks and magazines. Commercial purposes divided into several types which are advertising, packaging and labeling, and Tv or film purposes.Paper ad such as McDonald, Burger King and KFC are examples of advertising in food styling. Usually food stylist will use fake food to make food in advertising more real and tempting. Besides that, uses of props and other supporting objects also help for make advertising look creative. Newspaper advertising, menus, brochures, fly ers and billboards are also some example of advertising. For advertising purposes, as a food stylist and photographer must follow the idea and concept of advertising agency because the idea and concept already decided by ad agency.However, quality of photograph is very important because photos may use in billboards and large ads in the magazine. Packaging is the most difficult, complicated and tedious. When style for packaging, photos must needs match with that product and make it realistic and favorable. A lot of effort and meticulous detail needs in styling food before being photographed. Use a maximum lighting but less special effect and cautions with props because it may overshadow a product. For this type of photography, the food presented must as clear and as detail as possible exactly as a product.Food stylist has to put effort to ensure that numbers or pieces of the product in the package, color and ingredients if possible should be shown as realistic as possible (Neel, 2009 ) Tv or film is take a different purposes compare to advertising and packaging. Food stylist will work with a director or prop master on the set. Food stylist must learn and understand particular concept and idea before doing a job because it may not meets with original concept. The most difficult task when doing this job is the need to be ready to prepare as much food ‘actor’ and as identically as possible.This is all depends on how many ‘takes’ are taken for that particular scene (Noor, 2011) We can conclude that types of photography can be divided into two which is for editorial purposes and commercial purposes. Quality of photos is depending on what types of food styling we want. If for advertising, it must in high quality while for editorial is just good enough for published in cookbooks. Editorial purposes can use our unlimited creativity because it is not tied to any concept or idea. Otherwise in commercial purposes, all the concept and idea have bee n decided by ad agency or director.

Analyzing the Marketing Mix Strategy of Apple Inc Essay

Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers Over the last decade, Apple has redefined the music business through the iPod, the cellphone business through the iPhone and the entertainment and media world through the iPad. Its software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, the iWork suite of productivity software, iTunes, a proprietary media player application that works with iTunes store and allow customers to download music and offers other features of consumer electronics, the Safari web browser, and iOS, a mobile operating system. During the past 36 years, Apple has become a famous brand that technology of the world known and highly admired by the ingenious strategy, modern and sleek design, and always bring the products to satisfy consumers. Understanding how to think of Apple as product design, promotion, price and how to distribute it to customer that helps us to see the direction and shape of products that the company will launch in the near future. There have been few studies about Marketing Strategy of Apple Inc such as Maketing Fundamental Project (Christine, 2010),Marketing Mix of Apple Inc. Norm, 2012), Marketing Mix: Apple iPod (Angela, 2009), Accounting and Financial Analysis (Sachitanand, Denisa & Alcides, 2008), External and Internal Factors on Apple Inc. (David, 2008) Apple and CEO Steve Jobs is enjoying the glory days in recent years by reputation and the success of the blockbuster iPhone, iPad, and MacBook Air.. However Apple’s not perfect in every way. In fact, the company also has great disadvantages need to improve in the future. What are the weaknesses of Apple that their opponents could exploit? There is little information of the customer’s feedback about the same mistakes of the products that have not been overcome by Apple Inc such as: No new design: a way of repeating the design of the 3G and 3G versions, ip4 and ip4s version, and the newest is ipad 2 and the new ipad design that a reason to make many people were disappointed because Apple did not release a new product is completely different design than the old version. With Ipod Gen 4, IP4s and The New Ipad products are common defects about low battery and overheat when using constantly 1 hour for playing game and searching web with Wifi and 3G. So far, Apple Inc. has some explanations but not yet for solution to the problem. They claim that ongoing research and promises to be a solution in the nearest time. Before success can not deny of Apple product and research to find out the cause of success is significant for managers. Especialy, when we is preparing to step into the process of global integration with the world economy. The prupose of this report is to determine whether competitive strategy can be attractive more tastes of customers, and this present paper is aimed at: â€Å"The Marketing Mix Strategy of Apple Inc. † It is hoped that information from this study may be useful in identifying the right product must be exhibited to right people at the right place, right price and right time.

Krispy kreme doughnut Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Krispy kreme doughnut - Research Paper Example azil can be found in South America wherein it is one of the populous and largest countries not just in the Latin border but also in the entire world (â€Å"CIA†). Brazil’s bigger portion of population can be found in the major cities in South-East region namely: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Brasilia (capital). The population had reached to 201,103,330 wherein 53.7% of the ethnic groups are white and the rest are mixed, black and unspecified. Brazil’s official language is Portuguese; and in terms of religion, Roman Catholic obtained the highest percentage which is 74%. Brazil’s big population and diversity are among the good reasons why it should be the best candidate for a new market. History. For almost three centuries, Brazil is under the Portuguese regime but the country had attained its independence (Levine). During the 19th century, the country’s military rule ended and a constitution for civilian rulers had been approved. Brazil gained its independence from the military command and consequently the government has been improved, and restrictions in the economy as well as slavery have been abolished. These are the reasons why more and more people have decided to migrate in Brazil, and one of those reasons is the government structure. Political and Economic Environment. In the top ten largest economies in terms of Gross Domestic Product, Brazil is at the ninth place with a GDP of $4.51.7 billion (Patterson). Brazil is only an emerging country; however the economy is well-developed and industrialized. Even though Brazil is experiencing an economic growth from its agricultural products, still agriculture in the country accounted lesser compared to the growth of industrialization. The taxation system of Brazil has â€Å"poorly structured revenue system characterized by heavy tax burdens, a narrow taxable base, complicated levies and widespread tax evasion† (Butler). In terms of entering the Brazilian market, Krispy Kreme is required to

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 19

Business Law - Essay Example is not improper to consider European Communities Law before Legislation and Common laws as sources of English Law because, European Union has progressively passed the right to create laws which have effects in the UK since it joined European Union,. Kelley and Holmes (1997) considered Legislation as the second source of Law because Parliament within UK is sovereign and can create or alter the law whenever it determines to do so. European Law has three distinctive forms namely regulations, directives and decisions. Regulations have immediate effect without out the need for UK to produce its own legislation. On contrary, directives are those that require specific legislation to execute the proposals. Decisions of the European Court of Justice are applicable all over the European Union countries (Kelley and Holmes, 1997). Parliament has sovereign rights and powers to make or alter laws if European Union institutions are sovereign in its boundaries. The laws that are formed by the legislature (Parliament) are known as Statute or Legislation law. A law which has been passed by the legislature and it has received Royal Assent, it is known as Act of Parliament and it forms to be the primary form of Statute Law (Gillies, 2004). There are various types of legislation and its impacts also will be different. For instance, public acts affect public generally whereas private acts affect only limited groups of the public. The Common Law is the body of principles that are developed by the Common Law courts of England (Gillies, 2004). Common laws are those legal rules and principles that are created and developed by the courts in deciding legal cases. The primary hallmark of the Common law is that it is made by court judges. They, rather than creating laws, find, observe, declare and discover laws from case to cases. Equity is considered to be a branch of English Law, supplement to Common Law. It has been established and developed hundreds of years ago when litigants went to

How have transnational NGOs and social movements impacted countries Term Paper

How have transnational NGOs and social movements impacted countries that practice female circumcision - Term Paper Example According to the World Health Organization, approximately 140 million girls have been circumcised all over the globe, of which about 92 million are believed to be from Africa. (Female Genital Mutilation, World Health Organization, February 2012). The origin of female circumcision is not known for sure, however some scholars on the subject speculate that this practice has its origins in the time of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs. This belief is corroborated by the fact that some ancient Egyptian female mummies were found to be circumcised. In today’s times female circumcision is commonly practiced in many parts of Africa. This practice is promoted in three ways by the people who propagate it. The Sunna type where the clitoris is excised, the clitoridectomy  type where the clitoris and minor labia are excised and the infibulations type where the whole clitoris and all the labia are cut off. (M. A. Dirie and G. Lindmark, 1992). The practice has however, been reinforced by Islami c tradition due to the belief that circumcising women dampens their sexual desire and leads to less promiscuous behavior generally. (Asaad M.B, 1980). Countries and cultures that advocate the practice believe that performing the procedure tunes down a woman’s libido. The opposition for female circumcision presents a strong case. ... According to the World Health Organization, female circumcision has no health benefits what so ever and is only a cause of damage. It is apparent with simple deduction that since the practice removes healthy female genital tissue for no medical reason; it will interfere with their normal bodily functions in addition to being the host of a bunch of diseases and infections. There can be instantaneous consequences like pain, shock, hemorrhage or tetanus etcetera or long term consequences which might include bladder and urinary tract infections, cysts, infertility and child birth complications etcetera (Female Genital Mutilation, World Health Organization, February 2012). However, debates regarding this issue are messy because of the cultural, religious, social and political connections to the issue of female circumcision on the side of the advocates of this procedure and thus, reaching a solution is a very complex course of action. The medical views on female circumcision are shrouded w ith confusion because they don’t understand the reason why people do it if it has such dangerous health implications. What needs to be done is that people should look at this practice through a cultural lens to understand its significance and why it means so much to the cultures and people who practice it. Firstly, they look upon this as a necessity according to what their beliefs have taught them. Second, this practice has different meanings for different cultures and people, third, although people who are against this practice to promote gender equality the women it is practiced upon don’t think of it as an infringement of their rights. Although this practice originated from the patriarchal society, it is women that have ensured that it keep being practiced to date.

Moral foundations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral foundations - Essay Example It's easy to see where a moral misstep could be disastrous for any health professional. In order to mitigate these ethical conflicts, health professionals are held to strict codes of conduct and etiquette, as well as general laws about the treatment of patients and the protection of patient rights. However, there are many places where personal beliefs, codes of conduct, and law and policy are in disagreement. Beauchamp and Childress describe two major types of moral dilemmas that occur within the medical profession. The first type of moral dilemma occurs when there exists evidence that a specific action could be considered either right or morally reprehensible, but there isn't enough evidence to make the distinction. Beauchamps and Childress suggested abortion as an example of this type of dilemma; another example would be flag-burning (10). The second type of moral dilemma can arise when there are two possible courses of action for a health care professional. The obligations both ha ve equal moral weight under normal circumstances; however, in emergency situations, a set of obligations that must normally be obeyed can be ignored. The health care professional must choose a single course of action from multiple differing obligations. Because of the equal moral weight of the opinions on the action, whatever choice is used will always seem morally wrong to someone in some way, and seem right to others. (Beauchamp and Childress 10). The second type of moral dilemma given above leads directly to the idea introduced by Beauchamp and Childress that such dilemmas should be examined in order to determine the overriding set of moral actions in a given situation. It is up to the physician to decide the course of action which carries the greater moral weight and dismiss the other. These situations do not require that the physician must perform both actions, because, in many cases, that would be impossible, but they do cause an action that would otherwise be considered moral ly correct to be set aside. These sorts of conflicts between two sets of moral codes can seem impossible to work out if the relative moral weight of the two arguments is the same (Beauchamp and Childress 11). One reason for moral dilemmas in medical practice is the fact that many medical professionals are often given an exception from what would be considered correct behavior under the common morality. A special standard of morality applies to them which is sometimes in direct conflict with the general rules of morality (Beauchamp and Childress 3, 7). This double standard exists at least in part because medical professionals are professionals in a traditional sense, requiring special training and education in subjects that most of the public never receives. . This disagreement between general morality and special morality could cause the general public to believe that a medical professional is acting unethically for allowing some course of action that the public would not be able to also allow. Secondly, this discrepancy could cause a moral dilemma between a health care professional's private ethical and moral convictions, and the behaviors in his or her professional life that may differ from those private opinions. With regards to differences in moral standards for certain types of professionals, it is not that physicians and other health professionals are outside moral rules, but merely that they are held to standards appropriate for their status, also known as role obligations (Beauchamp and

Legalization of birth control fight in the early 1900s Term Paper

Legalization of birth control fight in the early 1900s - Term Paper Example Margaret was the pioneer in the movement of birth control. This was the time when she voiced her opinions on the contraception and their advantages when they had become illegal. Early in the twentieth century, there was a heavy toll of sickness and premature deaths noticed among the working class women who got pregnant and were made to work in the poor working conditions in the working neighborhood of New York State. Margaret raised her voice against the illegalization of contraception and said that a step should be taken for the prevention of repeated pregnancies (Tobin 1901-1937) . She worked under Havelock Ellis after travelling to Europe and got extensive training on the human sexuality. After she returned to United States, she launched a program where she gave better access to family planning information to the women who were expecting babies and later starting mailing the birth control pamphlets to her clients. Since she was using U.S mail, therefore in the year 1916, she got a rrested as well as her clinic which gave assistance on birth control measures was located in Brooklyn. With her controversial books and pamphlets, she started off her program on educating women on family planning. She wrote many of the books and pamphlets and one of them was What Every Girl Should Know (1913). This was a detailed book which gave answers to the unasked questions such as girlhood, puberty, sexual impulse, reproduction and the diseases which can be potentially transferred. She gave very vague but never clear ideas that what can be done to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. However, she became quite a controversial lady in the eyes of the medical leaders and the nursing professionals when she raised her voice on a taboo topic such as the masturbation. But since she had an enlightened attitude, therefore she carried on with her and her concentration. In the year 1923, she successfully opened a family planning clinician New York and later on arranged conferences which were he ld on the international and national level, discussing the family planning issues. National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth was found by her and she became the President of the committee until the breakup of the committee after the federal birth control legislation enactment in 1937 (Sanger n.p.). She was a brave woman who inspired women all over the work and she discussed the need of birth control through a number of conferences held in many parts of the world. She travelled to Africa, Europe to spread more awareness on the issue and established many clinics world wide as well. For centuries, women have fought in the society for their own rights. Anything that they have wanted to themselves, they always had to earn it through fight and perseverance. Just like Margaret Sanger, history show many women who have stood up for the rights of the women and these social activists made innumerable contribution to the women history. Right over birth control is not the only issue th at they had to deal with, infact, right to vote, and right to work with equal opportunities were few of the many issues for which they fought and stood up against for. It is very important to realize that a woman has a right over her body and by right over it is meant, that she should have the right to decided that when does she want a baby in her life. Until the year 1914, women of

Can Warfare be Anything Other than Barbaric Essay

Can Warfare be Anything Other than Barbaric - Essay Example Above all, it is important to define ‘barbarism’. This essay uses the following definition given by R.G. Collingwood (1942): By barbarism I mean hostility towards civilisation; the effort, conscious or unconscious, to become less civilised than you are, either in general or in some special way, and, so far as in you lies, to promote a similar change in others.2 Hence the major question is, is warfare really barbaric? Most people will answer ‘yes’. Human lives are slaughtered, and usually in huge numbers. War is a nightmare. However, it is important to deeply analyse this belief, because people’s thoughts about warfare on the whole and about the actions of combatants rely greatly on how human beings are slaughtered and on who these victims are. In that case, maybe, the most appropriate way to depict the barbarism of warfare is basically to argue that there are no restraints at these thoughts: human beings are butchered with every imaginable cruelty, an d people from all walks of life, regardless of sex, age, or moral state, are slaughtered.3 This image of war is vividly portrayed by Karl von Clausewitz in his book On War. It is his pioneering descriptions that have influenced the thoughts of subsequent scholars. There are some unrealistic individuals who think that morality and war are unable to coexist. War is barbaric, they argue, war is inhuman; in its existence it is bizarre, virtually nonsensical, to evoke morality. The truth is, as most people usually overlook, and at times are not aware of, morality is basically a norm of a culture. It is a set of rules which is in uninterrupted movement. However, in an integral and meaningful way morality represents the actions or behaviour of a society’s majority.4 Hence implicit, it is evident that in the contemporary period warfare still has dealings with morality. That there actually such a thing as morality of warfare, and that almost all enlightened and civilised cultures esse ntially share a particular traditional rule regarding the deeds which may or may not be committed in warfare, has been quite evidently witnessed throughout contemporary wars. This moral rule is generally claimed to be rooted in international policies and agreements. However, is it the common moral rule which is deep-seated, and international rule is simply an effort to put that morality into effect. In view of these arguments, a look at the continuous barbarisation of warfare from the 19th to the 20th century, which modern scholars examined, is important. Evolutions in the conduct of warfare have been erratic, and this relates as well, perhaps mostly, to their impacts and to how these are viewed.5 Perspectives on barbarism in warfare is subjected to cultural standards, and the beliefs based on these, like the total number of deaths caused by war, in relation to deaths caused by other actions. Furthermore, the practice of warfare since the Roman period did not evolve in a single dire ction from crude warfare towards more sophisticated techniques or the larger study of limitations on warfare, or a grander warfare. Rather, the transformation of warfare ebbed and flowed intensely. What the world witnessed after the mayhem that swelled in Europe with the fall of the West Roman Empire and the measured rebuilding and modernisation of an expanded civilisation with recognised rules is primarily lethargic but, since the 19th century, continuous development with ‘

PRIORITIZING PROJECTS AT D. D. WILLIAMSON Essay - 1

PRIORITIZING PROJECTS AT D. D. WILLIAMSON - Essay Example As a means of understanding Williamson’s model, the core components of his prioritization will be understood as: 1) establishing the criteria for prioritizing, 2) weighting the criteria, 3) refining the project lists as a result of steps one and two 4)developing shareholder buy in based upon the results that the weighting has generated. Due to the fact that such a complex layer of decision must be made on a daily basis with regards to prioritization, it is D. D. Williamson’s belief that such a process itself should not be left to a type of change (Segal 1999). Rather, to define, categorize, and formalize the approach to how work tasks are completed is something that should be both transparent and a bit formulaic; so as to reduce the overall level of shareholder biases that could possibly be reflected within the process. Although this process and formulization of the project and workflow management process is visionary, it does represent some key shortcomings as well as some key strengths that will herein be discussed. Firstly, with reference to the way that these steps provide for an improvement within traditional project prioritization, the reader can quickly infer that the means by which such an approach are actually realied far exceed the ways that leaders and management typically venture into prioritizing work flow. Due to the fact that humans are of course innately self interested and seeking to maximize their own utility at each and every step, it is more often the case than not that work flow is organized and prioritized based upon what leadership sees as the best means to promote a given agenda or project. In this way, providing a level of formulization such as what D. D. Williamson has done helps to keep the process on track and as little influenced by shareholder bias as possible. Although there still exists a high level of bias that could come

The Office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Office - Essay Example The three levels of organizational culture are observable artifacts, espoused values and basic assumption. The observable artifacts culture level comprises of observation of the behaviour of the employees,dress code, technology level and even the office physical layout. The conduct of the manager Michael is, for example, controversial same to the other employees who are not busy with work. The second criteria of determining organizational culture are the espoused values analysis. It consists of how the values influence the employees behaviour. It includes the attitude of employees. The manager, for example, shows a compromising attitude towards the reception since he is rude to her. The final level is the basic assumptions consisting of vital generalised assumptions made that also determine the culture and behaviour of employees (Khan 45). The manager according to the video clip is failing in creating a high-performance culture at the office. It is because the manager seems to be a joke and takes things casually. He fails in creating control and authority in the office and also lacks leadership qualities to propel the office to high performance. The manager should instead ensure efficient implementation of practices geared towards the achievement of high

A Comparison of Special Education Philosophy, Policies an Dpractice Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of Special Education Philosophy, Policies an Dpractice Essay The focus of this study is to compare the educational philosophies, policies,and practices between Malaysia and Japan, with regard to the education of children with special needs. Malaysia and Japan have some common historical experiences in that both countries were involved in the Second World War, both were colonised and given independence by Anglo-American powers. Geographically they are both in Asia. A significant difference between the two countries is the homogenous nature of Japan’s population and the pluralistic multicultural, multi lingual, multi ethnicity and religions of Malaysia. Japan is a developed and industrialised country whereas Malaysia is developing and targeting to be an industrialised one. Japan’s population of 127 million dwarfs Malaysia’s 29 million. It is needful to examine the set up of other countries, discover the root of the problems and analyse their solutions so as to better understand one’s own education system, avoid mistakes made and adopt suitable models accordingly. Hence, in this comparative study, an Asian country was chosen over an Anglo-American one, because Japan and Malaysia are both culturally group-oriented, power concentrated, inclined to be replicative and relationally holistic. As such it is probably easier to relate to contextually in matters relating to adapting globalised best practices in a culturally sensitive way. This paper seeks to look at the special educational policies and philosophies of both countries, study their practises, identify key issues and challenges faced, and to discover possibilities for mutual exchange, growth and development. There has always been a personal interest in Special education probably from parental influence and also from exposure to special people at a very young age. The increasing awareness of Special Education in Malaysia can undoubtedly be attributed to regular reporting by the media and the escalating pervasiveness of information technology available to the masses. In recent years, Special Education has given more attention to a wide range of learning difficulties, including dyslexia, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], Asperger’s syndrome and so on, with focus somewhat moving away from visual, hearing impairment and physical, mental impairments. This is probably because in most developing and developing countries, visual and hearing impairments have already well-established special educational practices. For example, Special schools where various learning aids, such as sign language, Braille and magnified letters are used to accommodate the students’ teaching and learning needs. Some countries such as Japan and the United States of America (USA), have advanced to providing not only basic education but also pioneering tertiary education for the visually and hearing impaired. Different forms of learning difficulties have emerged over the past 25 years and are probably still emerging. In the past, these special needs (learning difficulties) were all classified under mental retardation, but as discoveries continue to be made and learning difficulties are classified differently, statistics show that mental retardation worldwide has dropped considerably. As these conditions are discovered and researched, some theories about these conditions change and some evolve due to these theories being challenged or disproved and new theories being proposed. For example there is a wide range of autism, from highly-functioning to deeply autistic. Some children who were diagnosed as autistic ten years ago, are now discovered to have Asperger’s disorder. Disorders along the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) continuum include autism, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett Syndrome (American Psychiatric Assocciation, 1995) and Asperger’s disorder. Since ASD exists along a spectrum, intervention especially communication intervention must be highly individualized ( Schreibman, koegel, Charlop, Egel, 1990), thus intervention-wise, a child with Asperger’s Disorder is to be regarded quite differently from an autistic child. The field of special education has seen growth that has been unprecedented and it is likely to continue with more contemporary curricula, programmes, materials and resources evolving at a rapid rate, driven by a developmental theoretical perspective. In response to the increasing number of children diagnosed with special needs and especially that of learning difficulty, it is imperative that policies, philosophies and practice of special education need to be redefined, reviewed and refined to cater for the development and nurture of these children. Common special needs include challenges with learning, communication challenges, emotional and behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, and developmental disorders. There are many famous personalities who have special needs and disabilities but have excelled in sport, fine arts, physics and in the music and movie arena. Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps made history by breaking records and winning eight gold medals. He also inspired thousands by speaking candidly about having ADHD. His mother has also been very public about telling their story. Professor Stephen Hawking, a renowned Physicist, is a well-known example of a person with multiple neurone disease who has against all odds, succeeded in life. Hawking cannot walk, talk, breathe easy, swallow and has difficulty in holding up his head. He could have well been classified as mentally retarded and severely physically handicapped and discharged to a home of the Spastics, yet he defied his doctor’s prognosis of not surviving more than 21 years. Stevie Wonder was born prematurely and as a result, he was never able to see. Wonder stands out as one of the most celebrated American musicians of all time. To his credit, he has won 26 Grammys and an Academy Award. This has earned him rightful standing in the Rock and Roll and Songwriters Halls of Fame. Phelps was told that he could never focus on anything, Hawking, that he wasn’t an exceptional student and Wonder, that he could never make it in life. They are an inspiration to one and all, both stakeholders and non-stakeholders alike. On this note let us look at Japan. JAPAN [pic] Figure1. 1 Map of Japan For many, the word Japan conjures up mystical Samurais, beautiful, graceful and demure kimono-clad geisha girls, sashimi (Japanese raw fish), beautiful spring apple-blossoms, ancient temples, lightning–fast bullet trains, Toyotas and Hondas, even the Iron Chef competitions and the list goes on; but education is certainly not an image that fills your mind when you hear the word Japan! Japan is an island country located in the Pacific ocean. It’s an archipelago of over six thousand islands, the largest being Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku accounting for 97% of Japan’s land area. Japan is often referred to as the ‘Land of the Rising Sun’ because the Japanese characters that make up Japan’s name, Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku means ‘sun origin’. Most of Japan’ s islands are mountainous and many are volcanic which is not surprising as Japan sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan and an active volcano that last erupted in 1707–08. Japan has a population of 127 million people, ranks the tenth-largest populated country in the world. Tokyo is the capital of Japan with a population of 12 million. It is the Japan’s centre for culture and education and also the nation’s economic and industrial hub. The main language spoken is Japanese and most Japanese are of the Shinto-Buddhism faith. Since 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected Prime Minister as head of government, with an elected parliament called the Diet. It is a highly industrialized, developed country and a major world economic power. Japan has the worlds second-largest economy and the third largest in purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth largest exporter and fifth largest importer. It is the only Asian country in the G8 and a current non-permanent member of the United Nations (UN) security council. According to both the UN and World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, Japan has the highest life expectancy of any country in the world, and the third lowest infant mortality rate. History of Education Japan’s education maybe conveniently divided into pre-World War II(WW),post WW II, and modern Japan. On the whole, pre-WWII education was controlled centrally by the government, the education philosophy was guided by the Imperial Rescript Education (1890), Japanese values and Confucian principles were taught and stressed by society. Primary education was available to all but secondary and tertiary studies were elitist and discriminatory. This old system collapsed at the end of WWII and the United States Education Mission (1946) introduced new ideas and structures into the Japanese system such as extending free but compulsory education from six to nine years, higher education became more non-elitist, social studies was emphasized above moral studies, school boards were locally elected as opposed to being appointed under the old system, and teachers unions were formed. In 1952, Japanese sovereignty was restored and many reforms reverted back to the old system; school boards were by appointment, Japanese ideals moral studies were put back into the curricula but the 6-3-3 structure intended at democratizing education remain until today The University Control Law (1969) and other reforms emerged in the 70’s. Education in Contemporary Japan is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (known also as the Monbukagakusho or MEXT). Three tiers of administration attend to the financial and supervisory educational services; namely the national (MEXT0, Prefectural (upper tier) and municipal (lower tier). There are five levels of schooling in Japan: Preschool which is free to all but not compulsory, Primary and Lower Secondary levels which are free and compulsory, and Upper Secondary and Higher Education which are neither free nor compulsory. The Fundamental Law of Education, the School Education Law and the Social Education Law provide the philosophies, policies and practices throughout the nation. The Japanese value educational excellence at all levels and their education system is thought to be extremely prestigious. Japan is consistently ranked at the top internationally in both Maths and science by the TIMSS (Trends in Interntional Maths and Science Study). Japanese education helps build student motivation. Their philosophy emphasizes effort over ability hence in the Japanese classroom, everyone is taught the same concepts and students are engaged in higher-order thinking skills. Correct answers are withheld and students are presented with material such as puzzles and encouraged to think of as many ways as possible to solve the problem. Fast and slow learners are not separated and advanced students help the less able, cooperation, a sense of belonging and oneness are fostered. This attitude is particularly important when it comes to special children. Special Education in Japan A brief history In 1878, the first special school for children with visual and hearing impairment was established in Kyoto. The first special class for children with intellectual disabilities was set up in 1890 in Matsumoto City, in Nagano Prefecture. To date Japan has 222 and 210 years of history respectively in the area of Special education, a figure to be proud of indeed. The number of special schools and special classes for children with various kinds of disabilities increased favorably until around 1930, but thereafter the WWII devastated special education. At the end of the WWII, the external number of special schools for children with blindness and deafness was still more than 100, but most schools were burned by air raids. In the case of special classes, all were closed except one in Tokyo, at which the children were also moved to rural areas without schools, let alone special classes. Special education had to be reconstructed after the WWII based on the philosophy of democratic education, which was introduced by the educational policy the United States who was then the occupation army. In 1947 compulsory education for primary school and lower secondary schools was introduced. Special education was rapidly rebuilt beginning with visual and hearing impairments schools and classes, followed closely by schools for intellectual disability, physical and health impairment. The development of special education since the end of WWII maybe seen as (1) Development of special schools and special classes. 1947- 1979 (2) Movement of integrated education – 2000 (3) Development of special needs education. – Present day The motto of the Special Needs Education System of Japan (SNES) Where children with disabilities learn is bold and apt. Looking at Figure 1.2, it is clear that special-needs children are given due consideration at all levels from pre-school right up to upper secondary school. Figure 1. 3 show that as the degree of disability goes from mild to severe, the children are correspondingly moved from regular classes with team-teaching, achievement-based teaching ,small-group classes, Special Support Service in resource rooms, to special classes and then on to Special Needs Schools. The four categories of special needs, the blind, the deaf, the intellectually disabled, the physically disabled and the health impaired in figure 1. 4, show the ratio of children with multiple disabilities in Special Schools in elementary and lower secondary levels. Due to increasing number of students with multiple disabilities, there is a move away from of schools catering only for single disabilities for example the blind or deaf. Japan has a national curriculum standards for children with disabilities called ‘the Course of Study or Gakushyu-shido-yoryo for schools serving the blind ,the deaf, children with physical and mental disabilities and health impairments. It can be amended when necessary to tailor to specific needs for these children. Parents, school board members and or medical and social personel are consulted in order to determine which curriculum suits the child best, be it one to one teaching, small group teaching, individual teaching plans or inclusive integration onto regular classes. Even when there is profound disability, the child is eligible for education according to their needs. In some cases teachers visit homes or institutitions to provide home tutoring. In major hospitals classes are available for children necessitating hospital treatment. Only 0. 001% of children in Japan are allowed postponement or exemption from school education. Teachers in Special education are required to have a license for special education in addition to their basic teaching license. The NISE provides highly specialized training courses. Local Special Education Centers in prefectures offer programmes to upgrade or learn new skills. Case conferences and Teacher’s study-meetings are conducted at school level. The NISE conducts research such as nationwide surveys to assist in making future national policies with regard to special education. At prefecture level, research and development schools and model schools are present throughout the country. Local Special Education Centers, Colleges and Universities conduct ongoing research on teaching methods to enhance Special Support Education. As part of the 2007 reform, the SNES aims to have schools for Special Needs Education where staff are competent in knowledge and understanding on more than one disability, so that students with multiple disabilties are be accepted and integrated into each local community. By mid 2010, Japan plans to launch their first graduate school for students with visual or aural impairments at the state-run Tsukuba University of Technology, their only University for the deaf. According to the university, it will be the world’s first graduate school for visually- impaired students and the third for hearing-impaired ones, following the footsteps of such schools as Gallaudet University in the United States, Master’s degrees will be offered: Industrial technology for visually challenged students and health science courses for hearing-impaired students. Academia is possible to all, those with special needs and those without, unless there is brain injury and the cognitive abilities are damaged. As the adage goes â€Å"There is no learning disability only teacher inability†. MALAYSIA [pic] Map of peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo)Fig 1. 2 Malaysia, is made up of West Malaysia (peninsular Malaya) and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak states) in nothern Bourneo. It is a land of beauty in its diversity, located in the heart of South East Asia, see figure 1. 2 which had for centuries attracted merchants and traders plying the ancient, lucrative spice and silk route between India and China. It is therefore no surprise that Chinese, Indian and Malays are the major contributors to Malaysia’s rich and vibrant cultural heritage, together with the indigenous people. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi lingual and multi-religious society, known for their warm hospitality, interesting and delicious variety of food and a delightful fusion of cultures making Malaysians attractive and unique. Bahasa Malaysia is the official language, but English is taught as a second language and many Malaysians are tri lingual: proficient in their mother tongue, in Malay and in English. Malaysia is well endowed in natural resources such as minerals,[ mainly tin and petroleum] agriculture and forestry. It is one of the world’s top exporters of natural rubber, palm oil, sawn timber, coca and pepper. Malaysia boasts of rich biodiversity and a wide habitat range, in the Gunung Mulu National Park, and in the Mount Kinabalu district of Sabah. Both have been marked as World Heritage Sites. In 2009 two interesting and historical townships, Malacca and Penang were also given World Heritage status. Today Malaysia is an independent nation state with a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Kuala Lumpur is the largest city and the capital of Malaysia. It is also the main financial and commercial centre of the country. Malaysia is recognized as an emerging industrialized country with a GDP per capita PPP ranking at 48th in the world and second in South East Asia. For the past 20 years, Malaysia has been on a fast track development drive with measurable physical and economic success. Unfortunately, services and facilities enabling tangible inclusion of People with Disabilities (PWDs) into their communities were not developed in tandem, resulting in Malaysians with Disabilities excluded from enjoying a barrier-free environment and normal enriching independent lifestyle. There is a pressing need to firstly look at the education commitments of Malaysia to the children with disabilities so that indeed the mission of the Ministry of Education ‘To develop a world-class quality education system which will realise the full potential of the individual and fulfil the aspiration of the Malaysian nation† can achieved, and to reach their objectives stated below: To produce loyal and united Malaysians. To produce happy, well mannered individuals who have faith, knowledge and vision. To prepare the nation? s human resource for its developmental needs. To provide educational opportunities for all Malaysians. HISTORY OF EDUCATION Pre WWII, secular schools were mainly an innovation of the British colonial government, and English-Language schools were considered prestigious at that time. Post WWII, education was mainly aimed to feed the needs of the colonial government though the Malay, Chinese and Indian communities fought hard for their mother tongue to be used as a medium of instruction. Post independence (1957) in accordance to the national language policy, the government began to change English-medium primary and secondary national-type schools into Malay-medium national schools. In 1970, the language change was made gradually starting from the first year in primary school, was completed by the end of 1982. Malaysia’s belief that (NEP),New Economic Policy 1960-1970, the National Development Policy,1071-1990, The first to ninth Malaysia Plan, 1991-2010, ensure adequate funds to the Education sector for the development of the nation’s human resource and capital. It is through this course of action that the Malaysian Education system succeeds in responding to the issues of access, equity, quality and effectiveness of education for all Malaysians in a 6-3-2 structure. Education in Malaysia is overseen by two government ministries: the Ministry of Education for matters up to the secondary level, and the Ministry of Higher Education for tertiary education. Each state has an Education Department to help coordinate educational matters in their respective states, although education is the responsibility of the federal government. The Education Act of 1996 is the main legislation governing education which designates six years of primary education as compulsory. Pre-school is optional and most pre-schools are for profit and privately run. Five years of secondary schooling is not compulsory. For their pre-university studies, students have an option of doing two years of Form six or the Matriculation. Free education is provided from Primary one right up to Form six. A Brief History of Special Education Jabatan Pendidikan Khas (JPK) or the Department of Special Education, from being just a unit in the Education Department was established as a Department in its own right in 1995. It plays a major role in curricula planning and implementing the quality of special education programmes in both the primary and secondary schools in Malaysia. However the programmes for the deaf have a much longer history, the first residential school for the deaf was established in 1954. Interest towards Special Education in Malaysia began in 1920s among volunteers who were involved in the opening of schools for the hearing and visual impaired. The Cabinet Committee Report that studied the Implementation of Education Policy through the Recommendatory 169 was the beginning of a clearer focus and emphasis on the development of Special Education in Malaysia. The recommendatory says that: â€Å"With the awareness that the government should be responsible towards the  education of disabled children, it should then take over all the responsibilities from the organizations handling it currently. Moreover, the involvement of volunteers in developing the education for disabled children is encouraged. † SPECIAL EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY. The MoE Philosophy for Special Education states that ‘Education is given to develop the students physically, emotionally, spiritually and intellectually so that students can be educated to the highest possible level to enable them to obtain employment and live independently’. Programmes are based on the following policies: †¢ Education Act 1996, Chapter 8. †¢ Education Act (Amendment) Act 2002. †¢ Education Regulations (Special Education) in 1997. †¢ Policy Committee decision, the Ministry of Education [Education Planning Committee (SRC), Meeting Management Ministry of Education, Centre for Curriculum Committee (DFA) and Department of Management Meeting Special Education]. International Declarations: †¢ United Nations World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons (1983). †¢ The Worlds Declaration on Education for All (1990). †¢ The United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons With Disabilities (1993). †¢ The Framework for Action on Special Needs Education (Salamanca Statement) in 1994. †¢ Biwako Millennium Framework for Action Towards an Inclusive Barrier-Free and Rights-Based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (2002). Three ministries service children with disabilities. They are, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (WFCD) and the Ministry of Education, but education for these children are only under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of WFCD. The Ministry of Education provides educational services for students with special needs who have visual and hearing impairment, learning difficulties, and those needing special remedial help. Learning disorders are categorized as follows: Downs Syndrome Mild autism Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Mild Mental Impairment and Specific learning disabilities (eg. Dyslexia). The Ministry of WFCD provides services for children with the following problems: severe physical disability moderate and severe mental retardation various other defects such as and defects that do not allow the children to learn in schools provided by the Ministry of Education. Special Education Department’s Vision and Mission JPK’s vision statement is ‘Quality Education Generates Excellence Among Students with Special Educational Needs in line with the National Education System’, with the mission to develop excellent special needs human capital based on a holistic, relevant and quality education system so that there is Optimum development the individual’s potential Ability to compete and be marketable. Moral values as a responsible citizen Smart partnerships with various parties The Special Education services provided by the Department of Education are: †¢ Special schools for pupils with visual and hearing impaired and learning (secondary). †¢ Special Education Integration Programs for students with special needs and learning disabilities, impaired hearing and sight impaired. The program is available in non-residential, normal primary and secondary schools as well as in Technical/Vocational training (secondary) schools which adopt withdrawal or semi-inclusive approach. Programmes such as the Special Education Integration Programme and the Special Rehabilitation Programmes are fully administered at state levels by the State Education Department, whereas the Integration of Special Education Programs in Technical and Vocational Education is administered by the Department of Technical Education. The Malaysian Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment Report 2000-2007 states that one of the strategies is to expand preschool places for children with special needs from 32 integration classes to 100 classrooms in order to integrate children aged 5-6 with single disability, usually the learning disabled. Expansion necessitates therefore training the necessary preschool teachers and teacher assistants and also the proviso to amend the Special Education Regulations Act 1997 to accept students with two disabilities. UNICEF, working together with the Ministry of Health’s Development Division (MHDD) devised a standardised screening tool in 2006 to improve the early detection of autism amongst toddlers so that early intervention can be instituted. Issues with Sexual and reproductive health for children with special needs are also looked into, in response and recognition of their high risk of sexual abuse and exploitation, because it directly impacts their learning and overall development. ANALYSIS Japan as a leading economic power and highly industrialised country and Malaysia as a developing and emerging industrialised one, have commonalities in that were both affected deeply by WWII, and both were dominated by a foreign power, so it is interesting to see each country recovered, rebuilt and developed post-war and how Special education has evolved since then. Looking at the philosophy with regard to Special Education mentioned earlier on, both Japan and Malaysia are very similar in that both are highly commendable, comprehensive and impressive, subscribing also to many international special-education charters such as The United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons With Disabilities (1993). |Mission and Vision of JPK Malaysia |Mission and Vision of the NISEJapan | | |The mission of our institute as the National Institute of | |JPK’s vision statement is ‘Quality Education Generates Excellence |Special Needs Education is to contribute to:Improving the | |Among Students with Special Educational Needs in line with |quality of education for children with disabilities and to | |the National Education System’, with the mission to develop excellent|make educational provision to meet individual educational | |special needs human capital based on a holistic, relevant and quality|needs. We aim to do this by working with the national and | |education system so that there is |government organizations. Our vision is | |- Optimum development the individual’s potential |Research Activities that contribute to National | |- Ability to compete and be marketable |Administrative Needs | |- Moral values as a responsible citizen |-To undertake research that contributes to the formulation | |- Smart partnerships with various parties |of National Policy for Children. | |- Providing education opportunities and facilities for students |Practical Research that contributes to Education | |with special educational needs. |- To undertake advanced and practical research that | |- Providing relevant education to every student with special |contributes to education | |educational needs. |Specialized Programs for Teacher Training | |- Providing opportunity for students with special educational needs |- Provide systematic and special training for the school | |to develop their talent and potential. |staff who plays the role of leadership in special needs | |- Providing sufficient and up-to-date teaching and learning |education from local public organization and support them. | |material. |Training Programs that Respond to New Challenges | |- Ensuring sufficient trained teachers in special education. |- To implement training program for the major issue of | | |National Policy and/or urgent issue at educational site | |- Planning and managing all primary and secondary special schools. |flexibly and promptly. | |- Planning and coordinating all special schools integration program. |Counseling and Consultation that Provide Activities that | |- Planning, coordinating and evaluating policies and regulations, to|Supports Local Public Organizations | |ensure education is well-balanced, to help, service and support |- To conduct consultation and provide the information for | |students with special educational needs and implement the special |counseling and consultation to the organizations. | |education vocational policy. |Provide Information for Special Needs Education | |- Planning curriculum, activities and special education affairs. |-To collect, analyze, arrange and make database of the | |- Providing special education planning, research and evaluation. |information on special needs education from domestic and | |- Providing training plan and staff development; and |overseas and provide comprehensive information to teaching | |- Coordinating Special Remedial Education Program. |site. | | |Cooperation and Partnership with Universities and | | |Organizations in Domestic and Overseas. | | |- to collaborate and cooperate with universities and | | |organizations locally and abroad through seminars, to | | |research, analyze and evaluate the issues, and to share our| | |practical research results in special needs education. | One difference in their philosophy is that when it comes to learning, the Japanese put value and emphasis in effort over that of natural ability, resulting in primary school students being taught in classes that have not been streamlined into good, average or poor students, whereas stream lining students according to their academic performance is practiced by Malaysia and many other countries. It follows then that, if effort is put into the education of a special-needs child, the child can reach its full potential given all the necessary support. This attitude has given Japan an advantage of having an over 200 year history in educating people with special needs, which began with addressing the visual and hearing impaired. The Japanese School Education Law places special education firmly within the framework of the total education system by emphasizing that it is not separate from ordinary education. Japanese special education now officially recognizes seven categories of disability: the blind and partially sighted, deaf and har.

Market Orientation Assessment Essay Example for Free

Market Orientation Assessment Essay 1.Customer Orientation Information about customer needs and requirements is collected regularly. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no statement in the article indicates that Psion has collected information about customer needs and requirements regularly. Our corporate objective and policies are aimed directly at creating satisfied customers. DON’T KNOW (0) Since there is no clear statement in the article whether Psion has collected information about customer needs and requirements regularly, the corporate objective and policies are also not clear if it aimed directly at creating satisfied customer. Levels of customer satisfaction are regularly assessed and action is taken to improve matters where necessary. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no statement in the article indicates that Psion regularly assess level of customer satisfaction and take action to improve matters where necessary. We put major effort into building stronger relationships with key customers and customer group. DON’T KNOW (0) The article did not indicate that Psion put major effort into building stronger relationship with their key customers and customer group. We recognize the existence of distinct groups or segments in our markets with different needs and we adapt our offering accordingly. AGREE (4) Psion saw that high-end organizer market was being invaded by new generation of smart-phones, those are phones with organizer capabilities built-in. Psion saw this as a market for integrated devices. Psion knew that their product as standalone organizer had a finite lifespan, thus Psion will create a connected device by did a strategic deal with Motorola to penetrate the market for integrated devices. It shows that Psion recognize the existence of distinct segment in the market with different needs and they create the connected devices to enter it. Total score for customer orientation: 4 Psion has questioned its future as a maker of handheld electronic organizers due to handheld market has changed too much by a new smart phone products which have functionality as organizer and a phone and also by cheaper organizers. However it seems there is no indication that Psion take any action to collect information from customer about current needs and requirements and put some effort to build stronger relationship with their major customers. Psion did read the signal of changes in the market through recent advertisement, instead. 2.Competitor Orientation Information about competitor activities is collected regularly. AGREE (4) Psion knows information about current activities of their competitors such as new products and excess capacity of the rivals. We conduct regular benchmarking against major competitor offerings. AGREE (4) Psion did evaluation about major competitor offering. There is rapid response to major’s competitor actions. AGREE (4) Psion apply strategic thrust to response the major’s competitor actions even it have fell through, and spent the last five months going through every option to see what other ways there were to preserve the strategic thrust. When Palm and Handspring done wrote off about $ 300m and make prices dived, Psion decide to pull out and will stop making handheld organizer but still continue to sell existing products. It shows Psion’s rapid response to what have done by the major competitors. We put major emphasis on differentiating ourselves from the competition on factors important to customers. DISAGREE (2) Psion do not put major emphasis on differentiating themselves from the competition on factors important to customers, described by Psion decision to stop making handheld and keep sell existing products. Total score for competitor orientation: 14 Psion knows information about current activities of their competitors, did evaluation about major competitor offering and response to major’s competitor’s action rapidly. However Psion do not put major emphasize on differentiation. 3.Long-Term Perspectives We place greater priority on long-term market share gain than short-run profit. DISAGREE (2) Psion still struggling to keep their existence and it makes them decide to put priority on making money. We put greater emphasis on improving our market performance than on improving internal efficiencies. DISAGREE (2) Psion decided to pull out and stop making handheld organizers even though they intend to keep exploiting the intellectual property it has gleaned from more than 20 years. Decisions are guided by long-term considerations rather than short-run expediency. AGREE (4) Psion decision to retain its 28 percent stake in Symbian and by the acquisition of Teklogix to move to the enterprise wireless market as a less risky market is clearly based on long-term consideration. Total score for long-term perspectives: 8 Due to currently struggling to keep their existence, Psion decided to put priority on making money compare than put priority on long-term market share and improving market performance. However decisions are guided by long-term consideration by move to les risky market. 4.Interfunctional Coordination Information about customer is widely circulated and communicated throughout the organization. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. The different department in the organization work effectively together to serve customer needs. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. Tension and rivalries between departments are not allowed to get in the way of serving customers effectively. AGREE (4) The article do not indicates clearly about tension and rivalries between department of Psion, but the article mentioned that there is provisional revenues from the combined enterprise division between Psion and Teklogix which shows that combined enterprise division expected to work closely without tension and rivalries each other to serve customers effectively and meet the expectation of revenues. Our organization is flexible to enable opportunities to be seized affectively rather than hierarchically constrained. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. Total score for interfunctional coordination: 4 5.Organizational Culture All employees recognize their role in helping to create satisfied end customers. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. Reward structures are closely related to external market performance and customer satisfaction. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. Senior management in all functional areas give top importance to creating satisfied customers. DON’T KNOW (0) Senior management meetings give high priority to discussing issues that affect customer satisfaction. DISAGREE (2) From the article, the most important issue is about strategic management to survive and keep the existence of the company, thus we conclude that  management meetings give high priority to discussing these issues instead of issued that affect customer satisfaction. Total score for organizational culture: 2 Total Score: 32 The highlight is on the struggle and effort made by company to stay alive, it tried to find new cooperation with other company to win over new market, decided to abandon the old market and focus on the less risk market In overall, they have lack market orientation that enables them to keep performing well in the respective market. It focused on the competitors instead on their customers, Psion saw the situation as failing without any hope, which maybe correct but maybe if they have taken another path , we may see the market of handheld product differently today

The environmental entrepreneurship

The environmental entrepreneurship Introduction General Background Eco-preneurship refers to the environmental entrepreneurship who are poised towards coming up with sustainable business ideas (Libecap, 2009, p.34). EcoPreneurs indeed identify environmental challenges and therefore develop environmental products and services which will aid in solving both the business and environmental challenges by providing a sustainable solution. The main competitive advantage for Eco-preneurship businesses is the fact that they are able to utilize sustainable options in energy, waste management and other spectra of the ecosystem. Identification of the problem It is indeed emerging that most of the business ventures today are only interested in profits and growth without due concern on positive environmental impacts. It is this problem that gives rise to a set of sustainable business solutions provided by the EcoPreneurs. This paper shall seek to enlist the benefits of an eco-preneurship business venture. Statement of Purpose Eco-preneurship makes companies more environmentally responsible for their actions. In the recent past, there has been an outcry over the carbon emission menace. Several conferences have yielded the Kyoto Protocol which aims at making industries more environment sensitive in their production and general operation. There are various principles that hold eco-preneurship business ventures towards their sustainable business solutions. These principles are aimed at reducing energy waste as well as carbon emission. Businesses must recognize the fact that they owe a responsibility to the environment in which they operate in and must therefore develop sustainable solutions towards tackling problems related to waste management, energy needs, carbon emission, hazardous chemical usage as well as air pollution. What is imperative to consider is the fact that most of the eco-preneurship business ventures derive many benefits as a result of their eco-friendly business operations. This paper succinctly looks into the benefits that eco-preneurship has both to itself and the larger environment in which it operates. Main Body As earlier mentioned, eco-preneurship refers to environmental entrepreneurship. Eco-preneurship usually has a competitive advantage that they draw from being environmentally sensitive. Indeed, there are many benefits that the eco-preneurship business ventures enjoy. Isaak (1999, p.11) reveals that eco-preneurship enjoys a good reputation due to their initiatives towards maintaining a sustainable environment. This advantage gives eco-preneurships a competitive advantage against competitors hence these companies are able to amass a large number of customers, both existing and new customers. With the large number of customers among the eco-preneurship ventures, there will be increased sales volumes which translate into profitable business ventures. Eco-preneurship ensures that carbon emissions are reduced to negligible levels. Carbon emission is the main concern of every major company in the world today. Following the Kyoto Protocol, companies are required to be more vigilant in reducing their carbon emission. Since eco-preneurship is poised towards providing sustainable environmental solutions, reducing carbon emission has been at their foresight. Eco-preneurships therefore reduce carbon emission through reduced transportation. These companies are able to introduce environmentally sound solutions towards reducing transportation by utilizing the locally available material for their production lines hence reducing the need to purchase such items from a distant location. According to Schaltegger and Wagner (2006, p.47), the environment is full of eco-opportunities which would provide a just in time solution to the problems that the environment encounters on a day-to-day basis. For instance, considering McDonalds, a large hamburger restaurant found in most parts of the world; such a company could utilize locally supplied chicken and other food stuffs that it requires in its production process. Moreover, this will lead to the growth of small and medium enterprises in the countries of operation. Therefore, the eco-preneurship will be able to support sustainable environmentally sound solutions and effectively reducing the carbon emission menace. Alternatively, using solar or wind energy also helps reduce the carbon emission. Most eco-preneurships make use of these energy sources for the benefit of their environment. On the other hand, eco-preneurship is able to reduce the amount of hazardous chemical usage. Many eco-preneurships usually make use of chemicals that are not harmful to the environment. Chemical use within companies usually finds its way into the environment, either through seepage or intentionally (Folmer Tietenberg, 2005, p.114). These chemicals cause huge environmental damage to crops and living organisms. Eco-preneurships therefore reduce the amount of hazardous chemical usage. Chemicals that are used within the eco-preneurship business ventures should be tested and properly handled so as to reduce the chances of releasing them into the environment. Energy and resource efficiency is another benefit that the eco-preneurships have. Eco-preneurships usually seek sustainable energy use in order to ensure that there is limited energy loss during the production of goods and services. The preserved energy is thus channeled towards meeting other energy requirements within the venture. A good example of efficient energy use by the eco-preneurships, is the use of solar and wind powers. These are sustainable and renewable energy resources which are likely to lead to reduced carbon emission. These sources of energy are usually considered to be clean. The advantage of this is that, the eco-preneurship will incur fewer costs in their energy use since they will have depended on sustainable and renewable energy sources. Saving is a major advantage and benefit that eco-preneurships derive from their sustainable environmental solutions and should therefore uphold these values (Isaak, 1998, p.16). In addition, eco-preneurship ensures that there is an effective waste management system in place so that any wastes that emanate from the business venture is indeed managed properly, hence reducing the amount of environmental pollution. Industrial waste is a headache to most of the businesses. Eco-preneurship therefore provides a sustainable solution towards this dilemma. As such, eco-preneurships are largely competitive due to the fact that they introduce sustainable waste management systems which effectively deal with the environmental challenges pertaining to waste management (Schaper, 2005, p.63). An example of a waste management system that the eco-preneurship puts in place is found in the sugarcane factories. The bargase which is the waste obtained from crushing the sugarcane is used to produce energy. The bargase is burned in chambers that produce energy that is later channeled towards turning turbines. The turbines produce electricity cheaply for use within the company. Some of the sugarcane waste is also decomposed and used as manure by the farmers. Hence, there is limited waste in eco-preneurship. Both solid and liquid wastes are effectively managed in the eco-preneurships. There is a well managed system that ensures that solid wastes are treated first before being released into the environment. Hence, eco-preneurships are environmentally sensitive thus garnering support for such companies among world leaders. Eco-preneurship makes efficient use of water resources. Water is increasingly becoming scarce in the dynamic weather climate that we continue to experience. Therefore, this calls for efficient use of water. Eco-preneurships are beneficial since they put in place systems that ensure that there is efficient use of water resources. For example, in the sugarcane factory, water that is used to clean the factory is channeled towards irrigating the crops hence ensuring limited water wastage. In addition, eco-preneurships ensure that there is less air pollution. This is because of the sustainable and renewable energy that the companies use. For instance, solar and wind power are clean energy sources thus less air pollution to the environment. This is beneficial to the eco-preneurships since they are likely to gain international recognition that will boost their image internationally hence the company will witness an increase in customer volumes (Libecap, 2009, p.28). The large pool of customers will reciprocate to high sales volume and therefore more profitability for the eco-preneurships. Eco-preneurships are socially responsible since they promote sustainable environmental solutions and as such are revered as being socially sensitive. The eco-preneurships through their environmental awareness creation are likely to increase opportunities that are available for the employment of various personnel. These personnel will be deployed in the environment department so as to support the core values of the eco-preneurships. Folmer and Tietenberg (2005, p.34) argue that the alternative use of energy solutions is likely to save the company financial resources that will be used in employing more staff to ensure a sustainable business environment. Many times, the Eco-preneurships will be concerned with finding better ways of managing the environment and thus the need for more innovation which can only be realized through injecting new human resources into their systems. Conclusion Eco-preneurships are therefore bent towards ensuring a clean environment for the benefit of the community within. The environmental entrepreneurs also help to reduce carbon emission through the use of renewable energy sources that emanate from solar and wind power. These energy sources therefore help to reduce the costs of production as well, hence leading to more profitability for the eco-preneurships. It is a known fact that eco-preneurships usually have the best waste management systems in place. As such, this helps to reduce pollution within the operating environment. Carbon emission remains the biggest challenge for most companies (Isaak, 1999, p.64). However, Eco-preneurships have been able to effectively reduce carbon emission through the use of locally available raw materials in their production process and thus less transportation. Therefore, eco-preneurships will have a good reputation and a competitive edge against the other business ventures; hence, this will lead to more customers and thus higher sales volumes. Profitability in this case will be inevitable. Companies should therefore be driven towards a sustainable environment so as to ensure that they are able to save costs as well as manage their wastes effectively. References Folmer, H., Tietenberg, T 2005, The international yearbook of environmental and resource economics 2005/2006: a survey of current issues, Edward Elgar: Washington. Isaak, R 1998, Green logic: ecopreneurship, theory and ethics, Greenleaf: Sydney. Isaak, R.A 1999, Green logic: ecopreneurship, theory, and ethics, Kumarian Press: Michigan. Libecap, G.D 2009, Frontiers in Eco Entrepreneurship Research, Emerald Group Publishing: Edinburgh. Schaltegger, S., Wagner, M 2006, Managing the business case for sustainability: the integration of social, environmental and economic performance, Greenleaf: Michigan. Schaper, M 2005, Making ecopreneurs: developing sustainable entrepreneurship, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd: New York.

Comparing Fate in Virgils Aeneid and Homers Iliad :: comparison compare contrast essays

Fate in Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad, a picture of the supernatural and its workings was created.   In both works, there is a concept of a fixed order of events which is called fate.   Fate involves two parts.   First, there are laws that govern certain parts of mens' lives, such as human mortality and an afterlife.   Second, fate deals with the inevitable outcome of certain events, outcomes that cannot be changed by men or gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both Homer and Virgil allude to the existence of unchangeable laws, one of which is the mortality of human beings.   This can be seen by the fact that character after character dies during war.   In Virgil's Aeneid, Aeneas journeys to Hades to visit his father.   During his stay, he talks to a large number of the warriors that have died in the Trojan War.   The death of these warriors shows the mortality of human beings (Forman 2015).   Another unchangeable law is the period of limbo that is said to await the souls of the unburied after death. Homer indicates this law by writing of Patroklos' spirit's return to remind Achilles that, until he has been properly buried, he must wander the earth. These events show Virgil's and Homer's belief in laws that cannot be changed (Strong 62).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second element of Fate deals with the unalterable predestined occurrence of certain events.   One example of such an event is the fall of Troy. According to Homer, the destruction of Troy was foretold in Hekuba's dream that her son, Paris, would be the cause.   This prophecy was confirmed by a seer. Although Hekuba tried to avert the disaster by attempting to have Paris killed, fate overcame and Troy was destroyed as a result of Paris' judgment concerning the golden apple of discord (Strong 15-16).   Virgil also writes about a similar situation when Venus pleads with Jupiter to help Aeneas with his journey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, on Olympus, Venus, the mother of Aeneas, berates Jupiter for allowing her son to be persecuted in such a manner.   Jupiter calms her and reminds her of the many prophecies concerning her son and his progeny: how he will found the city of Lavinium in Latium and win a great war; how his son

Causes of the Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

England was the first country to experience the advantages and disadvantages of the Industrial Revolution, as it was the very first country in which the event happened, primarily because England was such a good source of coal and iron, arguably the most important resources needed by a country during the Industrial Revolution. Although England also experienced the Industrial Revolution because England was bountiful in lead, copper, tin, limestone and fast water supplies, overall, England was probably the most ideal place for the Industrial Revolution to be staged in the first place. A major cause for the Industrial Revolution was the enormous spurt of population growth in England. Along side the fast growth in population, medical systems had also improved, thus there was a reduction in the number of epidemics that spread resulting in less of a death toll through lack of medical knowledge. From this, the percentage of children who lived through childhood also began to increase, thus the future workforce would be even large than previously. The increase in population meant that there were more people in surplus from agricultural jobs and they had to find work in industrial factories, which was the basis of the Industrial Revolution. One of the darker causes for the Industrial Revolution was the slave trade with overseas colonies at the time. For many merchants who saw the easy money to be made from the voyages, the merchants became extremely rich – and as it is in human nature – these rich merchants wanted to become even more rich, the seemingly best way to do this was to invest profits from the slave trade into the new factories that were arising, this is called â€Å"Commercial Revolution†. Britain was one of the few countries that was able to bring in profits from other countries and keep profits in their country, aiding them into being the first country to Revolutionise Industrially. The new invention of steam power was one of the great motives for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, steam was used to power many of the machines, thus with the invention of steam power, the Industrial Revolution was powered onwards. The duo of inventors, Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen were both based in Britain, thus, this was the place where the inventions were first used giving Britain the time advantage over other countries.

The Draft in the USA Essay -- Army Military War Essays Papers

The Draft in the USA The draft is a taboo subject in America, but regardless of its controversy it is a subject that must be examined. The daft, however rash, is essential for America in case of a national emergency. Many people in this age of America lack patriotism for their country. Of course, many citizens ignore the fact that they are living in one of the only countries that offer you freedom and the choice to succeed as far as you want. However, â€Å"Of those to whom much is given, much is required† (Mackenzie) and all that is asked of you in America is to give yourself to her when asked. Many people would not risk their lives for America. That is when the government should put a call to action and reinstate the draft to insure the safety of American citizens. The people that oppose the draft believe that it segregates the poor from the rich and it cuts America right down the middle. â€Å"†¦poor blacks, Hispanics, and rural whites should not serve so disproportionately in the ranks of the military and that those in the ‘upper classes’ should also serve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Akil) the opposed believe it’s unfair to decide by wealth. They believe that if the draft is to be reinstated it should not be in regards to race, wealth or any discriminatory trait. The draft may be prejudiced but it doesn’t mean it is not needed. There are many flaws in it, but there are also flaws in government, society, in every individual. These flaws are fixable, and in the future they will be corrected now Am...

Energy Trends And Energy Policy In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

In the twelvemonth 2005, the energy ingestion in Malaysia is about 38.9 Mtoe which is addition about 5.6 per centum from the twelvemonth 2000. Oil is a significant part of energy consumed which is about 63 per centum. It is chiefly used in the industrial and conveyance sector. Natural gas ingestion besides increased in analogue with the fuel electricity demand. Although it is decrease from 77 per centum in yea 2000 to 70 per centum in twelvemonth 2005 but it still considered as a high in the portion of natural gas with the electricity coevals. Actually the authorities wants to increase the portion of coal in the electricity coevals mix, but it merely reached about 22 per centum in 2005. In twelvemonth 1980, Malaysia authorities introduced the National Depletion Policy. It is because Malaysia has many conventional energy resources ( oil and gas ) and renewable energy such as hydro, biomass and solar energy. The intent of this policy is to develop the economic system ‘s oil and gas in a sustainable mode and fixed the maximal day-to-day oil and gas production degrees. The production degrees for the natural gas militias are expected to last another 33 old ages and oil militias are expected to last another 19 old ages. Malaysia authorities introduced the Five Fuel Strategy in order to happen alternate energy beginnings after oil, coal, natural gas and hydro. In 2005, biodiesel was introduced for the conveyance sector to accomplish sustainable energy development through variegation of fuel beginning. Energy demand The portion of Malaysia ‘s urban population will increase from 63 per centum in 2002 to 78 per centum in 2030. Besides, the existent GDP besides increase about 3.4 per centum per annum. The increasing of population and existent GDP will take to alter in lifestyle and do energy demand besides increase in the conveyance, commercial and industrial sector. Beginning: Global Penetrations ( 2005 ) Figure: Real GDP and Population The concluding energy demand until 2030 shows the industry sector will hold the highest growing rate which is about 4.3 per centum. The 2nd growing rate is transport sector at 3.9 per centum and followed by residential at 3.1 per centum. The lowest growing rate energy demand is commercial sector at 2.7 per centum. The concluding energy demand is shown in figure below. Beginning: APERC Analysis ( 2006 ) Figure: Final Energy Demand Although the concluding energy demand for the industry sector is the growing rate, but its mean one-year growing is decrease about 7.5 per centum over the past two decennaries. It is because of the switching industry construction from energy intensive to non-intensive energy and betterment of energy efficiency. Energy demand for natural gas is expected to growing at 43 per centum of industrial demand in 2030. Hence, substitute the oil as a primary fuel in Malaysia. Malaysia authorities makes many programs in order to happen alternate renewable fuel. It can see by the development of biomass energy in Malaysia. Biomass energy is used in cogeneration by palm oil industries. Intro Production The Malayan authorities stated that mush and paper industry as one of the of import sector for investing in the 2nd industrial maestro program ( IMP 2 ) . The chief aim of this program is to accomplish a province of ego sufficient, cut down import and promote foreign capital influx. Although, in the twelvemonth 1997 occur Asiatic Crisis, the mush and paper industry still can last to make their production. No mill was closed down or taken by larger companies at this clip. The mush and paper industry merely produce little production because they cutting the cost of production but still efficient. This industry besides concentrating on niche markets at the national graduated table. Until now, this industry becomes one of the of import sectors that contribute to development of Malaysia economic system. The entire capacity of mush and paper production is about over than one million tones per twelvemonth and it is increase twelvemonth by twelvemonth. In Malaysia, the production of mush and paper industry does non carry through the domestic ingestion. Malaysia had ever dependent on newspaper import. Figure: Malaya Pulp Production and Consumption Figure: Malaysia Paper Production and Consumption Malaya is turning in the paper recycling procedure. Many mills use about 95 per centum wastepaper as a natural stuff base. Some company makes net income by selling the wastepaper to another company. The authorities decided to censor export of wastepaper to do certain that all of the wastepaper collected stayed in the state. Figure: Pulp and Paper mill in Malaya From the figure, there are 20 mills of mush and paper in Malaysia. For the instance survey, three mills were selected. The mills are: Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn Bhd Plo 59, Jalan Perusahaan 4, Senai Industrial Estate, 81400 Senai, Johor. The company specialising in the maker of expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugated paper cartons merchandises. This company was established in twelvemonth 1991. 2 ) Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn Bhd Batch 7090. Mukim Tg. 12, Karung Berkunci 206, 42700 Banting, Selangor Malaya The company specialising in the maker of line drives and corrugated medium documents. This company was established in twelvemonth 1992. It has approximately 600 employees working in this company. The company is able to bring forth 250,000 M/T of industrial paper per twelvemonth. 3 ) Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn Bhd No. 8998, Kawasan Perindustrian Peringkat IV Batu Berendam 75350 Melaka Malaya The company specialising in the maker of corrugated cartons and boards. This company was established in twelvemonth 1990.It has approximately 300 employees working in two displacements. The company is able to bring forth 100,000 M/T of corrugated boards and cartons per twelvemonth. Table shows the entire operating hr and net production for each mill. From the tabular array below, the highest production and runing hr is from Genting Sanyen compared to Ornapaper and Cenpak. It is because Genting Sanyen has a big works and many fabrication machines that allow to bring forth a big sum of production. No Item Unit of measurement Cenpak Genting Sanyen Ornapaper 1 2 Operating hr Net Production h/yr t/yr 6240 6,645 8400 196,631 5840 43,756 Table: Entire runing hr and net production Operational government and production figures Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn Bhd The works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours throughout the twelvemonth. The operational government of the works differs harmonizing to the procedure as shown in table below. No Item Unit of measurement Figure 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Base information CCB Corrugator machine Flexo Printing machines Waste H2O intervention EPS Preexpansion Modeling machines Dryers Boiler room operation Boiler 1 Boiler 2 h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr 3,120 3,120 3,120 6,240 6,240 6,240 6,240 3,120 Plant operational government The monthly net production end product for the period January 2000 to December 2000 is shown in the undermentioned tabular array. Calendar month Unit of measurement Expanded polystyrene Corrugated carton box Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Sum T T T T T T T T T T T T T 59 74 62 48 57 65 66 66 53 64 45 36 695 567 743 478 479 478 422 533 472 453 565 456 306 5,950 Entire net production for the mention period Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn Bhd Operational government and production figures The works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours throughout the twelvemonth. The operational government of the works for each section is shown in table below. Department Working ( yearss ) Number of Shifts Working Hours Annual Operating Hours Stock readying 7 3 24 8,400 Paper machine 7 3 24 8,400 Care 7 3 24 8,400 The monthly production end product for the twelvemonth 2000 is given in the tabular array below. Calendar month Production ( T ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire 16,055 16,073 15,961 16,266 16,928 17,078 16,944 16,686 14,960 17,144 15,743 16,795 196,631 Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn Bhd The Ornapaper works operates 16 hours a twenty-four hours on two displacements. However, certain subdivisions operate over longer periods. The one-year operating hours of the works harmonizing to the procedure are shown in Table below Plant one-year runing hr Unit of measurement Figure Corrugator machine Printing machine Waste H2O intervention Boiler Compressor Hr/yr Hr/yr Hr/yr Hr/yr Hr/yr 5840 5840 5840 5840 5840 The monthly production end product of the works for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown table below Calendar month Unit of measurement Corrugated box Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones 4,234 2,976 4,054 3,946 4,256 3,818 3,375 3,157 3,190 3,571 3,659 3,520 Entire Tones 43,756 Monthly production for the twelvemonth 2002 Manufacturing procedure For the instance survey, fabricating procedure for each mill is different. It is because each works produces different merchandise and different machine. In order to accomplish energy salvaging step, it is of import to cognize the fabrication procedure and it energy ingestion in the procedure. Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn Bhd The company produces expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugated box. The production of corrugated box based on the client specification. The production procedure is begins with starch readying and paper axial rotations. The following phase is corrugators subdivision. In this subdivision, the corrugator machine will convey together a sheet of paper to organize individual or dual bed corrugated paper. The paper is produced in a uninterrupted procedure harmonizing to the merchandise design and specifications. The machine is divided into chief subdivisions, flute and hot home base subdivisions. The flute subdivision is divided into flutes portion and dual angel. The paper axial rotations are transported under the axial rotation stands utilizing conveyers. The operator so feeds the axial rotations into the corrugators. In the individual facer, the paper is which give the paper the fluted form. Starch is applied to the tips of the flutes on one side and the interior line drive is glued to the flute. The corrugated flute medium with one line drive attached to it, is called individual phaser web and travels along the machine towards dual angel. This subdivision is known as line preheater. There, the individual facer web meets the outer line drive and forms the corrugated board. After the board emerges from dual angel, it passes a steam heated a steam flatcar known as hot home base, the cutter cuts the board to the exact required length to obtain the corrugated sheet. Finally, corrugated sheets are stacked and sent to the 2nd subdivision of the corrugators hall by operators. Then, the corrugated carton box goes to following procedure which is publishing and slotting, cutting, turn uping and pasting the board to fabricate a corrugated box. In this subdivision, it have flexographic or flexo machines. This machine will publish, cuts, creases and glues the board into the concluding form in one operation. Unfortunately, non all operation can be managing with flexo machine. For the big poster board or more sophisticated packaging manner instance, it will travel to decease cutting and sewing or pasting procedure manually. Last, the corrugated carton box will be sent to review subdivision. In this subdivision, the merchandise will be inspects whether it is fulfill the client specification or non. After the review subdivision is complete, the merchandise will be sent to the client. Flow Diagram of corrugated box procedure Starch Preparation Paper RollsCorrugatorPrintingDie CutGluing/StitchingInspectionDeliveryThe 2nd of merchandise in this company is expandible polystyrene boxes. Figure below shows the general procedure to do the expandible polystyrene boxes. EPS RESIN NEW MOULD EXPANDER SILO AGING Molding Machine REQUIRE DRYING DRYING Packing material STORING Delivery Energy use at modeling procedure. Polystyrene modeling procedure requires the supply of steam, compressed air, electricity, chilling H2O and vacuity. Steam is required to provide heat for the formation of the polystyrene mold and chilling H2O to chill the vacuity pumps and molds. Compressed air is chiefly needed for the control of the molding procedure, purge of H2O and gap of the mold. Vacuum is required in the chilling and emptying of extra steam before the mold gap. Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn Bhd Flow diagram of production procedure of paper Waste PaperRaw stuff StorageStock Preparation Paper Machine Whitewater Preparation Wire Section Imperativeness Section Dryer Section Completing Section Paper Rolls First, the waste paper is collected and some waste paper is import from another company. After that, the natural stuff will be store up to six-month supply. The stock readying starts with the cleansing procedure. It starts with the centrifugal cleansing of the diluted mixture of contaminated fibres. The diluted waste paper mixture is pumped to different machines whose intent it is to divide the useable fibres from the ink or any other soiled stuff, which might be attached to the fibre. The mixture has to be farther diluted, dewatered, washed and pressed to hold those fibres reclaimed, which are clean and transcend a certain fibre size, the remainder is discarded as sludge. The fibres are separated in short and long fibres to command the strength and quality of the paper by choosing the appropriate mixture in the paper production subsequently on. Then, the procedure continues to the paper machine subdivision. The paper machine is used as a large drier which transform the loose fibres into solid sheet of paper. The paper machine can be spliting into another subdivision which is the white water readying system, the wire subdivision, the imperativeness subdivision, the drier subdivision with size imperativeness and finishing subdivision. Whitewater readying is provides the circulating H2O for the paper machine. The wire subdivision is orientating the fibres on a traveling screen ( wire ) and allows large measures of H2O to go through through. The imperativeness subdivision presses the H2O in the imperativeness felt which in bend is cleaned with hard-hitting H2O noses and suction tubings for H2O remotion. For the drier subdivision it will distilling inside the cylinder and heats the surface to about 140 & A ; deg ; C. Lastly, the finishing subdivision provides a steel calendar for smoothing the surface. Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn Bhd The company produce corrugated box which is same with the Cenpak Holding. Hence, the fabrication procedure to bring forth corrugated box besides same. The procedure involve with starch readying and paper axial rotations, corrugators, printing, dice cut, pasting, review and bringing. Energy use at the corrugator The energy consumed at the corrugators subdivision is electrical and thermic energy. Electrical energy is used to run motors, fans and compressor. Thermal energy or steam supplied to the assorted subdivisions of the corrugators. . Boiler is used to bring forth steam for corrugator subdivision to blow H2O intervention works ( WWTP ) . Steam is supplied through a distribution pipe and the distribution is shown in figure below.BoilerSteam HeadingConveyerHot PlateDouble BeckerPreheaterWater TankIntro energy ingestion Energy ingestion of mush and paper industry is about 3 per centum from the entire industrial energy ingestion in Malaysia. The mush and paper industry self-generates from the energy required to back up the fabrication procedure. Wood waste fuels, chemical waste fuel watercourse and power cogeneration is the illustration of the spontaneous. Table below show the Malayan industrial energy ingestion in 2003. Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn Bhd Energy and public-service corporations ingestion The public-service corporations supplied to the site are electricity, Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) and H2O. The entire energy ingestion of the mill and the one-year energy and public-service corporation costs in the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below. No Item Unit of measurement Measure Cost th.RM 1 2 3 4 MFO Electricity Water Sum th.ltr MWh th.m3 Th.RM 1,363 2,961 35 736 688 76 1,501 Annual energy public-service corporation ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2001 Chart: one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2001 ) From the pie chart, we can see that MFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Cenpak Holding. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost. Description of the electric web The mill is billed under Duty E2 by TNB. The electric use, demand and cost sum-up for 2001 is shown in table below. Calendar month On-peak ( KWh ) Off-peak ( KWh ) Entire ( KWh ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire Annually cost ( th.RM/yr ) Average monetary value RM/KWh 167,160 157,800 156,450 141,350 113,510 151,000 151,320 185,440 170,200 157,130 152,220 124,810 1,828,390 380 96,390 91,250 88,690 98,050 76,980 96,920 107,710 119,000 101,440 102,330 88,550 65,780 1,133,090 145 263,550 249,050 245,140 239,400 190,490 247,920 259,030 304,440 271,640 259,460 240,770 190,590 2,961,480 688 0.232 Electricity duty Item Unit of measurement Rate Electrical energy Duty codification On peak period rate Off peak period rate Maximal demand for each KWh RM/KWh RM/KWh RM/month E3S 0.208 0.128 21.70 From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in August and the lowest is in May. The electricity ingestion is all of a sudden reduced in May and get down addition from June to August. The peak clip and off extremum is reduced towards the terminal of the twelvemonth. Fuel supply and ingestion The fuel used at Cenpak Holding is Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) . MFO is used in the boiler. The MFO ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below. No Fuel Unit of measurement Figure Entire cost ( th.RM ) 1 MFO ltr 1,363,250 736 Water Consumption Water ingestion for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below. Calendar month Consumption ( M3 ) Cost ( RM ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire 2,351 2,560 2,806 2,720 2,747 3,473 2,743 2,580 2,251 3,486 3,720 3,077 34,514 4,558.93 5,722.81 6,274.98 6,080.85 6,142.08 7,768.32 6,132.37 5,768.00 5,031.04 7,797.05 8,320.85 6,881.28 76,478.56 From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in November and the lowest is in January. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost. Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn Bhd Energy and public-service corporation ingestion The public-service corporations supplied to the site are electricity, steam, and H2O. The one-year energy cost in the twelvemonth 2000 for each public-service corporation is shown in table below. No Utility Unit of measurement Consumption Equivalent Energy Cost GJ%1000 RM%1 2 3 Electricity Steam Water MWh T M3 98,602 316,199 2,247,232 1,268 867,334–868,602 0.15 99.85–100 19,720 7,905 1123.6 28,746 25 73 3 100 Chart one-year cost for each public-service corporation From the pie chart, we can see that electricity consume the major portion of the cost which is 69 % . Therefore, it is recommended concentrating the electricity energy to cut down the cost. Specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) The specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below. Calendar month Electricity ( MWh ) Production ( T ) EUI ( MWh/t ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 7,185 7,063 6,929 7,246 7,365 8,623 8,772 8,766 8,201 9,319 8,693 10,441 16,055 16,073 15,961 16,266 16,928 17,078 16,944 16,686 14,960 17,144 15,743 16,795 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.45 0.44 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.62 Entire 98,602 196,631 0.50 Table specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) From the graph, we can see that specific energy ingestion per ton ( EUI ) reaches the highest in December and lowest in March. The mean electricity ingestion is 0.50 MWh/ton. Specific steam ingestion The specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below. Calendar month Steam ( T ) Production ( T ) EUI ( t/t ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 26,074 26,270 26,023 27,029 27,142 27,024 24,658 28,111 27,247 28,353 22,333 25,935 16,055 16,073 15,961 16,266 16,928 17,078 16,944 16,686 14,960 17,144 15,743 16,795 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.66 1.60 1.58 1.46 1.68 1.82 1.65 1.42 1.54 Entire 316,199 196,631 1.61 Table specific steam ingestion per ton ( EUI ) Specific steam ingestion From the graph, we can see that specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in September and lowest in November. The mean electricity ingestion is 1.61 t/t. The specific H2O ingestion for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below. Calendar month Water ( M3 ) Production ( T ) Spec. Water Consumption ( m3/t ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 18,2257 16,6727 17,7752 17,7061 17,9752 18,5445 20,6532 19,7667 19,4102 20,0148 18,2558 19,7231 16,055 16,073 15,961 16,266 16,928 17,078 16,944 16,686 14,960 17,144 15,743 16,795 11.35 10.37 11.14 10.89 10.62 10.86 12.19 11.85 12.97 11.67 11.60 11.74 Entire 2,247,232 196,631 11.43 Table specific H2O ingestion. From the graph, we can see that specific H2O ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in September and lowest in February. The mean electricity ingestion is 11.43 m3/t.Energy and Utilities ConsumptionThe major energy consumed in their works is light fuel oil ( LFO ) , electricity and diesel oil. Electricity is utilised chiefly for its procedure machine such as corrugator, publishing machines, sewing machine, compressor, fan and office. LFO is used by boiler to bring forth steam while Diesel is chiefly used for vehicles. The entire energy and public-service corporations ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown in table below. No Item Unit of measurement Measure Cost th.RM 1 2 3 4 LFO Diesel Electricity Water Sum th.ltr th.ltr MWh M3 th.RM 1,485 102 3,294 24,346 980 64 605 36 1,685 Chart: one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2002 ) From the pie chart, we can see that LFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Ornapaper. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost. Electricity duty The site belongs to TNB ‘s duty codification E2 – Medium Voltage Peak / Off-peak Industrial Tariff. Table below shows the duty rate. Item Unit of measurement Rate Electrical energy Duty codification On peak period rate Off peak period rate Maximal demand for each KWh RM/KWh RM/KWh RM/month E2 0.208 0.128 21.70 Electricity ingestion Table below shows the monthly electricity ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2002. Calendar month On-peak ( KWh ) Off-peak ( KWh ) Entire ( KWh ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire 198,000 195,860 200,350 218,840 209,570 209,570 210,520 215,850 215,380 202,780 212,690 186,130 2,475,540 100,270 85,040 111,930 111,460 112,460 112,460 73,460 84,720 78,260 73,060 61,250 62,640 1,067,010 298,270 280,900 312,280 330,300 322,030 322,030 283,980 300,570 293,640 275,840 273,940 248,770 3,542,550 Annually cost ( th.RM/yr ) 515 137 651 Average monetary value ( RM/KWh ) 0.184 Graph: Electricity Consumption ( 2002 ) From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in April and the lowest is in December. The peak clip is about same throughout the twelvemonth but the off extremum is reduced towards the terminal of the twelvemonth. Fuel ingestion Light Fuel Oil ( LFO ) and Diesel are used at Ornapaper. As reference before, LFO is used for boiler to bring forth steam and Diesel is used for vehicle. Table below shows the fuel ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002. No Fuel Unit of measurement Figure Entire cost ( th.RM ) 1 1.1 1.2 Liquid fuel LFO Diesel ltr ltr 1,621,280 101919 1070 64 Entire Cost 1134 Specific Energy Consumption ( 2002 ) Calendar month Electricity ( KWh ) LFO ( ltr ) Production ( metric tons ) Specific Energy Consumption Electricity ( Kwh/tonnes ) LFO ( GJ/tonnes ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 298,270 280,900 312,280 330,300 322,030 322,030 283,980 300,570 293,640 275,840 273,940 248,770 99,655 71,182 160,527 93,764 239,073 130,255 145,800 149,236 87,873 164,152 143,427 136,337 4,234 2,976 4,054 3,946 4,256 3,818 3,375 3,157 3,190 3,571 3,659 3,520 70.4 94.4 77.0 83.7 75.7 84.4 84.1 95.2 92.1 77.2 74.9 70.7 0.85 0.86 1.43 0.86 2.03 1.23 1.56 1.71 1.00 1.66 1.42 1.40 Entire 3,542,550 1,621,280 43,756 81.6 1.33 Graph specific energy ingestion ( electricity ) From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in February and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is cut down from October to January. Therefore, it is chances to cut down the electricity ingestion. Graph specific energy ingestion ( LFO ) From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in May and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is about same from January to February. Therefore, it is chances to cut down theLFO ingestion and step energy salvaging for the boiler. Water Consumption Water is used for boiler to bring forth steam and for publishing procedure at the Ornapaper. The H2O ingestion for Ornapaper in the twelvemonth 2002 is given in table below. Calendar month Figure ( M3 ) Entire Cost ( th.RM ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire 1,480 1,581 2,486 1,994 2,349 2,331 2,245 1,986 1,171 1,194 1,676 3,265 23,758 2,175.60 2,324.07 3,654.42 2,931.18 3,453.03 3,426.57 3,300.15 2,919.42 1,721.37 1,755.18 2,463.72 4,799.55 34,924.26 Graph H2O consumotion and cost ( 2002 ) From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in December and the lowest is in September. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost.