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Wednesday, October 30, 2019
The U.S. Labor History in the 20th century Essay - 2
The U.S. Labor History in the 20th century - Essay Example It would seem that high unemployment and a bleak economic outlook would discourage workers from uprising. However, worker solidarity will prevail over fears of economic outcome. During good economic times, the capital is benefiting more than the worker is. This puts the capital in a position of authority and the attendant perks that come with it. There are political considerations, a favorable judiciary, and enforcement techniques that discourage organization. Business has law enforcement and the system to back up their position. When difficult times hit with the economic downturn beginning in 1932, the unions were able to become more solidified. Union members were able to speak for the unemployed and disadvantaged and gained more interest and support. It was the direct connection between the union and the working class that was able to mobilize the unions during the depression. The Cold War decade of the 1950s brought about greater cooperation between workers and management which was more likely due to conciliatory attitudes than worker satisfaction. The unions had made strides through the ability to organize in the 1930s and the war effort of the 1940s. However, the post-war period brought about some dissatisfaction among the public for the head of the AFL-CIO, John Lewis. A successful strike in 1943 at the height of the war had sparked public outrage that he had broken the war efforts no-strike policy. This anger would not be forgotten when Congress overrode Truman's veto of the Labor-Management Relations Act, known as the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. The Labor-Management Relations Act set the stage for union activity during the 1950s. It severely limited the union's ability to organize and strike. Business was pushing for greater productivity at the expense of the workers. Strikes were generally short-lived, local, and quickly suppressed. The closed shop was outlawed and companies would move plants to locations that were less labor-friendly.Â
Monday, October 28, 2019
Educating Essay Example for Free
Educating Essay â€Å"Individuals venturing into new experiences may encounter obstacles but may also gain significant rewards†. â€Å"Do you agree with this perspective?†In your response, refer to your prescribed text and atleast one other related text of your own choosing. Individuals venturing into new experiences may encounter obstacles but may also gain significant rewards. This is present in the text ‘Educating Rita’ written by Willy Russell and the film ‘The Help’ written by Kathryn Stockett. In this text we see a fairly un-educated woman blossom and find herself through education; the obstacles she faces on her way to knowledge are the stepping stones in finding herself and entering the new world of education. Rita is a typical uneducated woman; her life is already planned out for her consisting of children, cooking/cleaning, pub trips and the overall expectation to be content with this life and not expect any more. However throughout the text we see Rita break away from this lower class/restricting stereotype to blossoming and finding herself in the world of education. The opening scene portrays to us the two completely different worlds in which Rita and Frank live. Rita has enrolled in an Open University course as she sees education as a way of moving out of her world; she feels out of step with her working class background and wants to discover herself first before having a baby and tying herself down for life. Rita’s constant desire to ‘know everything’ makes Frank feel that he is an appalling teacher because he feels he has nothing to offer her. Frank is Rita’s course tutor; he is a very negative and dismal man who is heavily reliant on alcohol to dull his boredom and frustration. Although being a jaded alcoholic he is also a very precise, formal and educated professor who is just on a downward spiral in his life. Throughout the text we see Rita and Frank’s relationship grow as Rita makes him feel as if he has hope again, therefore his drive comes back. In scene one we observe Rita struggling to open the door into Frank’s office; this symbolises her struggle to enter that world, it’s a barrier, however she’s determined to get what she wants – in this case education – therefore almost breaks the door in order to get in. â€Å"You’re the first breath of air that’s been in this room for years†quoted by Frank symbolises the opening up of a new world for him, he’s now got someone new and different to experience. This is a good change for Frank. Scene two beings with Rita oiling Frank’s office door, then handing the oil to Frank. This is symbolic of giving him the key/tool to open up to another world. Rita still doesn’t portray herself as a ‘proper student’ and her self esteem/confidence is still very low. She doesn’t think she is capable of achieving the great essays that the other students write and doubts herself that she will even finish the course. This scene really reveals the cost that trying to change herself is likely to have on Rita. She is dissatisfied with her life and has a desire to change it, yet it would be easier in her opinion to simply stay as she is and continue her boring life of hairdressing and different flavoured beers. Frank assigns Rita 3 novels to read as her hunger for knowledge is starting to grow extremely. The slow change in Rita is starting to become evident as she can read/take on any book presented to her, â€Å"it feeds me inside†. Her hunger is growing and making her slowly discover who she is, â€Å"it makes me stronger comin’ here†. Although Rita feels as if she’s finally accepted in the university and has a place/fits in with the ‘proper students’, she still has barriers to face in her personal life that are important determining points in her progress and choices as an individual. Rita’s husband Denny isn’t accepting nor happy about her doing this ‘whole learning thing’ and forces her to choose between him and education as he doesn’t understand that this is the first time she’s happy and felt a sense of purpose in her life. Denny has made her constantly feel stupid for even considering getting an education and therefore burns all of her books. The burning of the books is symbolic of Denny trying to prevent Rita from moving away. â€Å"You’d think I was havin’ a bloody affair the way he behaves†â€Å"And aren’t you?†symbolises Rita’s affair with education. Although she may not be cheating on Denny, she still desires to educate herself more than spend time with her husband and is happy with this choice as it is her own choice and no one else’s. In scene six we start to see a notable change in the relationship between Rita and Frank. When Rita bursts into Frank’s office excited to tell him that she saw one of Shakespeare’s plays â€Å"it was bleedin’ great†, Frank thought that something serious had happened – which indicates that he is beginning to care for her. After inviting Rita to a dinner party at his house Frank feels closer to Rita – this invite symbolises the change in the basis of their relationship from teacher and student to a more personal one. Throughout the text we have seen Rita grow and shape herself as an individual, no matter what obstacles and new experiences she has encountered with on her way she has got through them with determination and strength, and as a result has been great personal gain. Towards the end of the text Frank presents Rita with a dress; this is symbolic of a dress for an educated woman, she is now one and can wear the dress with pride. Frank decides to leave the university, as he does not feel it is the right career for him anymore and would prefer to spend his time doing something else. Rita and Frank have both grown and found themselves throughout this text which is also evident in the film ‘The Help’ written by Kathryn Stockett. The Help is set in Mississippi during the 1960s, main character Skeeter (Stone) is a southern society girl who returns from college determined to become a writer, but turns her friends lives and the Mississippi town upside down when she decides to interview the black women who have spent their lives taking care of the richer upper class families. Davis, Skeeters best friends housekeeper, is the first to open up and be interviewed to the shock of her friends in the close black community. Despite Skeeters life long friendships hanging in the balance, she and Davis continue their partnership and soon more women come forward to tell their stories and as it turns out, they have a lot to say. Along the way, unlikely friendships are forged and a new sisterhood emerges, but not before everyone in town has a thing or two to say themselves when they become unsuspectingly/unwillingly caught up in the changing modern times. This is relevant to the text Educating Rita as the women find the co urage and self confidence to venture into new experiences to help better either themselves or their community.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Jimi Hendrix :: essays research papers
Jimi Hendrix Jimi Hendrix, possibly the greatest guitarist in rock history changed the sound of rock. In 1967 The Jimi Hendrix Experience rocked the nation with their first album Are You Experienced?. Hendrix had a short life because of drugs in 1970 when he was only 27 years old. In a few years, rock and roll changed a lot and Jimi’s guitar playing was a big influence. Jimi Hendrix was born in Seattle Washington on November 27, 1942. When he was just a kid he would play along with his R&B records whenever he could. He didn’t always like to play music though, he always had wanted to be in the army. In the late 1950’s Jimi joined the 101st airborne division, but he had a back injury doing a jump and got a medical discharge. That’s when he decided to have a musical career. By this time he had already become a pretty good guitar player, And is now the greatest known guitar player ever. Jimi started out playing backup for smalltime R&B groups. Soon some of the best known artists, such as BB king, Ike and Turner, and Little Richard wanted him. After a few months of touring with R&B groups he wanted to try singing. A guy heard him singing at a club and talked him into moving to England, where he met the rest of his band members. In 1966 Jimi Hendrix debuted. One year later their club shows were overcrowded. The Monkees heard them and liked them, and asked them to tour with them. But not many Monkees fans liked his lyrics and his style, so they kicked him off the tour. After this he was invited to pop festivals and eventually came out with his first
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Waste Land Essay: Ceremonies and Rituals :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays
The Waste Land: Ceremonies and Rituals    Ceremonies are prevalent throughout T.S. Eliot’s poem The Waste Land. Eliot relies on literary contrasts to illustrate the specific values of meaningful, effectual rituals of primitive society in contrast to the meaningless, broken, sham rituals of the modern day. These contrasts serve to show how ceremonies can become broken when they are missing vital components, or they are overloaded with too many. Even the way language is used in the poem furthers the point of ceremonies, both broken and not. In section V of The Waste Land, Eliot writes,                "After the torchlight red on sweaty faces                After the frosty silence in the gardens                After the agony in stony places                The shouting and the crying                Prison and palace and reverberation                Of thunder of spring over distant mountains                He who was living is now dead" (ll. 322-328). The imagery of a primal ceremony is evident in this passage. The last line of "He who was living is now dead" shows the passing of the primal ceremony; the connection to it that was once viable is now dead. The language used to describe the event is very rich and vivid: red, sweaty, stony. These words evoke an event that is without the cares of modern life- it is primal and hot. A couple of lines later Eliot talks of "red sullen faces sneer and snarl/ From doors of mudcracked houses" (ll. 344-345). These lines too seem to contain language that has a primal quality to it.        From the primal roots of ceremony Eliot shows us the contrast of broken ceremonies. Some of these ceremonies are broken because they are lacking vital components. A major ceremony in The Waste Land is that of sex. The ceremony of sex is broken, however, because it is missing components of love and consent. An example of this appears in section II, lines 99-100, "The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king/ So rudely forced"; this is referring to the rape of Philomel by King Tereus of Thrace. The forcing of sex on an unwilling partner breaks the entire ceremony of sex.        Rape is not the only way a broken sex ceremony can take place.  The broken ceremony can also occur when there is a lack of love, as shown in lines 222-256. This passage describes a scene between "the typist" and "the young man carbuncular".
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Aim in Life Essay
Most people in the world have some ambitions in life. A petty merchant has an ambition to become a big business man, a clerk to be a high officer, a student to be a doctor or engineer. Some desire for wealth, some desire for fame and reputation. A proper aim in life keeps a person shining and glowing in his future life. My aim in life is neither to collect money this or by that way nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well qualified doctor or a scientist. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor who spends his times in his laboratory trying to find out new drugs and medicines to remove the suffering of millions of people. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor it is my real wish to server the badly suffering humanity too. Our country is still under development and it has become necessary for all of us, especially for doctors to acheive sound progress in the field of new drugs and medicines, And for the prosperity and solidarity of pakistan we should work hard with spiritual zeal and zeast. I have an ambition to do something in this world so great as the doctors and the courages founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the many disease that people are still suffering from. In my opinion, wealth, fame and any other kind of materialistic gain are hollow and baseless if earned through unfair means. In my ambition, it is great wish to help the suffering people. For lawful earnings it will be my foremost dut to server the humanity, by going to the rural areas of this under developed country in order to help the poor and humble people for their happiness and entire satisfaction.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Adipose Tissue - Composition, Location and Function
Adipose Tissue - Composition, Location and Function Adipose tissue is a lipid storing type of loose connective tissue. Also called fat tissue, adipose is composed primarily of adipose cells or adipocytes. While adipose tissue can be found in a number of places in the body, it is found primarily beneath the skin. Adipose is also located between muscles and around internal organs, particularly those in the abdominal cavity. The energy stored as fat in adipose tissue is used as a fuel source by the body after the available energy acquired from carbohydrates is used up. In addition to storing fat, adipose tissue also produces endocrine hormones which regulate adipocyte activity and are necessary for the regulation of other vital bodily processes. Adipose tissue helps to cushion and protect organs, as well as insulate the body from heat loss. Key Takeaways: Adipose Tissue Adipose, or fat, tissue is loose connective tissue composed of fat cells known as adipocytes.Adipocytes contain lipid droplets of stored triglycerides. These cells swell as they store fat and shrink when the fat is used for energy.Adipose tissue helps to store energy in the form of fat, cushion internal organs, and insulate the body.There are three types of adipose tissue: white, brown, and beige adipose.White adipose stores energy and helps to insulate the body.Brown and beige adipose tissue burn energy and generate heat. Their color is derived from the abundance of blood vessels and mitochondria in the tissue.Adipose tissue also produces hormones, such as adiponectin, which help to burn fat and reduce body weight. Adipose Tissue Composition The majority of cells found in adipose tissue are adipocytes. Adipocytes contain droplets of stored fat (triglycerides) that can be used for energy. These cells swell or shrink depending on whether fat is being stored or used. Other types of cells that comprise adipose tissue include fibroblasts, white blood cells, nerves, and endothelial cells. Adipocytes are derived from precursor cells that develop into one of three types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, or beige adipose tissue. The majority of adipose tissue in the body is white. White adipose tissue stores energy and helps to insulate the body, while brown adipose burns energy and generates heat. Beige adipose is genetically different from both brown and white adipose, but burns calories to release energy like brown adipose. Beige fat cells also have the ability to boost their energy-burning capabilities in response to cold. Both brown and beige fat get their color from the abundance of blood vessels and presence of iron-containing mitochondria throughout the tissue. Mitochondria are cell organelles that convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. Beige adipose can also be produced from white adipose cells. Adipose Tissue Location Adipose tissue is found in various places in the body. Some of these locations include the subcutaneous layer under the skin; around the heart, kidneys, and nerve tissue; in yellow bone marrow and breast tissue; and within the buttocks, thighs, and abdominal cavity. While white fat accumulates in these areas, brown fat is located in more specific areas of the body. In adults, small deposits of brown fat are found on the upper back, the side of the neck, the shoulder area, and along the spine. Infants have a greater percentage of brown fat than do adults. This fat can be found on most of the back region and is important for generating heat. Adipose Tissue Endocrine Function Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine system organ by generating hormones that influence metabolic activity in other organ systems. Some of the hormones produced by adipose cells influence sex hormone metabolism, blood pressure regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood clotting, and cell signaling. A major function of adipose cells is to increase the bodys sensitivity to insulin, thereby protecting against obesity. Fat tissue produces the hormone adiponectin which acts on the brain to increase metabolism, promote the breakdown of fat, and increase energy use in muscles without affecting appetite. All of these actions help to reduce body weight and reduce the risk of developing conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Sources Adipose Tissue. You and Your Hormones, Society for Endocrinology, www.yourhormones.info/glands/adipose-tissue/.Stephens, Jacqueline M. The Fat Controller: Adipocyte Development. PLoS Biology, vol. 10, no. 11, 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001436.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Bpolar disorder essays
Bpolar disorder essays Bipolar disorder is a serious life long condition that has affected 2.3 million people in US since 2003. Today I would like to talk to you about Bipolar Disorder and its affects on its patients. A bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depression, is characterized by extreme mood swings from severe highs (mania) followed by episodes of distinct lows (depression). Individuals with bipolar disorder may suffer from impaired thinking and judgment that can lead to poor decision-making and impulsiveness. A bipolar disorder is often a chronic condition, often beginning in adolescence or early adulthood and usually persists for life. My best friend of 12 years was diagnosed with bipolarism when she was 18. Her diagnosis changed her life and the life of her friends and family overnight. She dealt with mood swings, trying to laugh when dirty joke goes around or cry when appropriate. She was clinically depressed and was obsessed with washing her hands and feet. Every time she got of her bed/ cou ch/ chair or left and entered a room, she would have to wash her feet and hands. Her hands and feet became so dry that sometimes they bled. I didnt understand as an adolescent what she was going through. I always go irritated and told her to snap out of it until the day she was diagnosed. I have always wondered how it would be like to live in constant fear, in constant depression, constantly washing your hands or thinking that everybody believes your psycho. I would be pretty unbearable. While there is no cure for this disease, people with this disease can lead rich and fulfilling lives. The key is understanding the condition and getting proper treatment. ...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
How to write a Profile Essay That Attracts Good Grades
How to write a Profile Essay That Attracts Good Grades Your overall performance in any coursework is partly determined by how well you handle your class assignments. However, there are those moments when you find it hard to understand what is needed to produce an outstanding document. We provide you with enough information to shield you from the confusion that might arise in such moments. We hope that you will read this article to the end to learn how you can quickly improve your diminishing performance. Why You Must Learn How to Write a Profile Essay This type of essay provides detailed information about a person or object. It has to be done in a very captivating way. As a writer, you need to understand the expectations of your target audience. This allows you to structure your document in a manner that makes it exciting to read. Most students freak out when they realize that part of their overall scores in coursework will come from this type of assignment. Therefore, these individuals have no other choice but to try and produce papers that are of high quality. This means that you have no other option but to understand the tips and tricks of producing great results fully. Easy Tricks on How to Start a Profile Essay The following points are essential to anyone who wishes to know how to create a profile. They are presented in the simplest form for better understanding. We assume that you already know what is a profile essay before reading these ideas. Keenly go through each point to see how you should start your work: Read published profiles The internet is a library of countless articles that have quality profiles. Most of this information can be found in news blogs and articles. Familiarizing yourself with such contents helps you understand how to structure your paper. When you read other people’s articles, you assume the role of a reader and thus have a better understanding of what your target audience expects from you. Within a short time of browsing through the internet, you can have a clue on what needs to be done in your assignment. You understand how to begin your document using the right structure from beginning to end. Make a selection Make the right pick in terms of who or what you want to talk about. Your choice of a person should be well thought out. Resist the temptation of writing about a celebrity. Such profiles are always dull as they are almost a repetition of what your readers already know. For instance, a reader who knows a lot about a particular president might be too critical when reading an article written about that leader. This reader might easily notice any minor mistakes and subsequently, switch off from reading your work. It is better to write about someone who is unknown to many to avoid extreme criticism. Your audience will be so excited to read about such a person since it will be the first time that they will be getting such content. Get set You need to take note of everything required for a successful interview. One crucial tool that you will need is a notebook and a pen. Write down all the questions you need your subject to answer. Avoid asking questions that need simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response since you need as much information as is necessary for your project. Bringing a voice recorder to the interview might be a good idea as it would act as a backup for storing all information from the session. The recorder is, at times crucial, especially when the person you are interviewing has an accent that is hard to understand. You can replay the audio later on to get parts of the conversation that you missed. Start working on the assignment Writing a profile essay becomes easy once you have all the information you need about your subject. It becomes even easier when you know how to write a profile essay step by step. However, do not be fooled into relaxing since the major work is in this last step. Your readers will be impressed by your work if you produce a perfectly done paper. However, if you do some poor job, then no reader will want to proceed to the last section of your work. This calls for some commitment. You don’t have to note down everything recorded from the interview while creating your paper since some points are never that important. Anyone can master how to write a good profile essay. However, only a few people can perfect their abilities to create outstanding content. You need to master these tips so well that you never have to refer to them again when you have that challenging paper. Tips for Writing a Profile Essay that Attracts High Scores You first need to know how to begin a paper before learning how the other sections are structured. In no way will your work be graded among the best unless your teachers impressed by it. A dull start makes your document less exciting to read. The following are factors that would make any paper have a boring start: Wrong arrangement: You have to be progressive rather than retrogressive in your narration. Know how to start and how to proceed to the end without losing your readers. This has everything to do with the structure of a profile essay. Misplaced words: This mostly happens when you don’t have a good mastery of the English language. Please avoid using ambiguous words whose meanings you don’t understand, to impress your teacher. At times it does not work as such words fail to fit into the context in which they are used. Stay professional but straightforward if you can. Wrong punctuation: Use commas, full stops, colons, semicolons, and hyphens appropriately. This increases the readability of your paper. Unexpected omissions: Some facts cannot just be left out. For instance, you cannot omit details such as your subject’s experiences in the early stages of life before success. If you still don’t know how to make a profile essay, then you can consider the services of a professional writer. Why Hire an Expert? Your paper will be done to the highest possible standards. Professional writers have years of experience in academic writing. They are thorough in the way they edit any paper for grammar errors and plagiarism. You will receive quality work since it is done with remarkable understanding. If you hire a professional, he or she will increase your chances of improved scores in any coursework. Feel free to use our writers by placing an order with us.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1
5 - Assignment Example During this era, people used equipments to improve production operations. Scientific management methods and mass-production moving assembly lines were the innovation at that time. The supply chains at that time were suited to move the many products that were being produced. In the early 1970s, many manufacturers were good producers, but they were challenged by other firms that made higher quality products at lower costs. Therefore, the era was named lean manufacturing/quality control era, where many manufacturers mainly focused their attention on improving quality of their products. They also improved their supply chains. In the beginning of the year 1996, the information-engineering era began. Communication became the most important component in any business. The businesses have come up with effectively information technologies. In this era, the supply chains involve use the Internet and new information and communications technologies. This supply chains are faster compared to the others. The development and implementation of electricity, roads, rails, and communications systems provided ways in which supply was done. People and goods could be moved from their homes into factories. The supply chains at that time were suited to move the many products that were being produced. Therefore, the era was named lean manufacturing/quality control era, where many manufacturers mainly focused their attention on improving quality of their products. They also improved their supply chains (b) China and India and other low-cost providers in other nations that are responsible for increased outsourcing and off shoring fit into what is being said in this paper in that they develop competitive advantages. They make effective use of the Internet and other information technologies to provide high quality products at lower prices. They provide competition to other firms making them even more vigilant. This improves the global competitiveness among
Friday, October 18, 2019
Chanticleer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Chanticleer review - Essay Example In February 22, 2013, the Chanticleer performed at the Ellen Eccles Theatre in UT, Logan. This was a twenty year celebration concerning The Cache Valley Center for Arts. This paper offers an overview of their performance. The Ellen Eccles Theatre was built in the early twentieth century. Over the years, it continues to draw loads of people from all over the U.S. its tickets are always in demand due to the variety and quality of shows it offers. An example is the Grammy-award winning Chanticleer group. New Yorkers praise the Chanticleer as the best male chorus in the world. Its presence at the Ellen Eccles attracted thousands of fans and music enthusiasts who wanted to catch a glimpse of the famous and sensational singing of Chanticleer. Subsequently, when they came on stage, they lived up to these expectations. Their intonation was perfect with a variety of singers ranging from bass to countertenor. It was as though they were using fabrication technology to sing through. However, they proved this by staging the microphones in front of their half-circle formation. Each singer brought out the required cadence, which was smooth. No one was high, low, or out of tone. In combination, the microphones captured a pure blend of music which was incredibly soothing to the ears. In fact, this was obvious from how the audience kept quiet and was enthusiastic throughout the performance. Furthermore, backed up by the magnificent and state of the art Ellen Eccles stage, the Chanticleer displayed a swagger of style with elegant black tuxedos. The unique feature that Chanticleer offers are the feeling of uncertainty that they bring out in their performance. No one can predict how their performance is going to be. Hence, spectators recognize the value for their money. Apart from the pure tones, the group also offered a flawless melding of immaculate melodic layers that filled the Ellen Eccles with luminous sound. The
Reading Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Reading Journals - Essay Example In addition to that one magazine called To The Bride, about a hundred another different texts written in the postwar period are analyzed by Neuhaus in order to develop an understanding of the ideology behind female gender norms popular in those years. It dawned on the author that most of those texts targeted newly wed women thus getting them familiar with the path men wished the women to follow for the rest of their lives and which stretched from their kitchens to catering to their husband’s needs. The article interestingly reveals how marital concepts during the 1950s set in contrast with the present ideologies by identifying that a woman was only eligible to get married if she knew how to make the best steak or pie for her husband to be. In this way the author aims to convey to the public how stereotypical gender roles were promoted during the 1950s through cookbooks that young girls were encouraged and even pushed to act out. One question regarding this article that I would like to be discussed in the class is about how women’s dependence on men in the 1950s could be demonstrated by the fact that men claimed themselves as meat consumers and women as meal
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Critically discuss the following statement What is marketing Easy its Essay
Critically discuss the following statement What is marketing Easy its what marketers do - Essay Example A series of theories has been gradually developed aiming to help the transformation of marketing in accordance with the current market rules. Current paper focuses on the examination of the context and the role of marketing within the modern market; the specific field is evaluated using relevant theories – as published in the academic literature. Moreover, efforts are made in order to present and explain the practical implications of marketing – as these implications are understood and handled by marketers. It is concluded that the current forms of marketing are difficult to be fully explored and evaluated – being differentiated within each commercial sector; however, the theoretical explanations on marketing – as identified through the relevant literature – can help to understand the actual role of marketing in the modern market but also its potentials for further transformation in the future. 2. Marketing – Description and functions 2.1 The context of marketing - definitions One of the key characteristics of marketing is its ability to be transformed being aligned with the market trends and demands. Initially, marketing was a discipline rather foreign to academic study; it had been rather considered as a series of practices used by professionals who deal with the promotion of products/ services within a pre-arranged market (also known as target market); the above issue is highlighted in the study of Baker et al. (1998) who noted that marketing gradually entered the academic field of knowledge; however, despite the fact that a wide range of studies has been developed in regard to the content and the role of market, still there are many of its aspects that are not clear (Baker et al 1998). Probably the reason is that the changes of the market are too quick and extensive, marketing’s rules and forms are transformed - in order to be aligned with these changes - but there is no adequate time for the phases of this t ransformation to be monitored and evaluated. From a similar point of view Viardot (2004) noted that the context and the role of marketing can be differentiated when having to enter a particular sector; reference is made, for example, to the term ‘marketing for high tech firms’ (Viardot 2004, 1); it is suggested by Viardot (2004) that marketing is described as follows: ‘putting on the market’ (Viardot 2004, 2) – a description which presents the practical use of marketing as a range of tasks focusing on the achievement of a particular target. Baker et al. (2007) use a similar approach; they note that marketing is still in a period of transition from ‘a pure professional practice to an activity explained through appropriate theoretical models’ (Baker et al 2007, 3). Kotler et al. (2010) give a different, more analytical, description of marketing; in accordance with the above researchers, marketing is ‘the process of building profitabl e customer relationships by creating value for customers and capturing value in return’ (Kotler 2010, 53). In the above description marketing is presented as being closely related to customers; in this way, the main priority of marketers is set: marketers should focus on the development of the relationship between the products/ services
DQ 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
DQ 3 - Essay Example Police officers are required to apply the amount of force that is realistically needed to successfully bring an occurrence under control while they protect their lives and the lives of other individuals. Policy community litigation, tensions and at other times, criminal prosecuting of officers who have been accused of using too much force, may be viewed in relation to various views on the subject of if a police needs to use force, or the amount of used force was necessary or reasonably (Reiner, 2010). In conclusion, by the different nature of their duties, police officers are called upon in their careers to act as mediators in various volatile situations. They are also called upon to take action when the law has been violated. At any particular time, one of these situations may need the use of force or control by a police officer (Reiner, 2010). Formal training, departmental policy, authorized equipment and the faith of a police officer in his capabilities reveal the type and amount of force to be used. When a police officer is not prepared in meeting the different threats faced, injury to the citizen may occur. Lower confidence may also lead to excessive
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Critically discuss the following statement What is marketing Easy its Essay
Critically discuss the following statement What is marketing Easy its what marketers do - Essay Example A series of theories has been gradually developed aiming to help the transformation of marketing in accordance with the current market rules. Current paper focuses on the examination of the context and the role of marketing within the modern market; the specific field is evaluated using relevant theories – as published in the academic literature. Moreover, efforts are made in order to present and explain the practical implications of marketing – as these implications are understood and handled by marketers. It is concluded that the current forms of marketing are difficult to be fully explored and evaluated – being differentiated within each commercial sector; however, the theoretical explanations on marketing – as identified through the relevant literature – can help to understand the actual role of marketing in the modern market but also its potentials for further transformation in the future. 2. Marketing – Description and functions 2.1 The context of marketing - definitions One of the key characteristics of marketing is its ability to be transformed being aligned with the market trends and demands. Initially, marketing was a discipline rather foreign to academic study; it had been rather considered as a series of practices used by professionals who deal with the promotion of products/ services within a pre-arranged market (also known as target market); the above issue is highlighted in the study of Baker et al. (1998) who noted that marketing gradually entered the academic field of knowledge; however, despite the fact that a wide range of studies has been developed in regard to the content and the role of market, still there are many of its aspects that are not clear (Baker et al 1998). Probably the reason is that the changes of the market are too quick and extensive, marketing’s rules and forms are transformed - in order to be aligned with these changes - but there is no adequate time for the phases of this t ransformation to be monitored and evaluated. From a similar point of view Viardot (2004) noted that the context and the role of marketing can be differentiated when having to enter a particular sector; reference is made, for example, to the term ‘marketing for high tech firms’ (Viardot 2004, 1); it is suggested by Viardot (2004) that marketing is described as follows: ‘putting on the market’ (Viardot 2004, 2) – a description which presents the practical use of marketing as a range of tasks focusing on the achievement of a particular target. Baker et al. (2007) use a similar approach; they note that marketing is still in a period of transition from ‘a pure professional practice to an activity explained through appropriate theoretical models’ (Baker et al 2007, 3). Kotler et al. (2010) give a different, more analytical, description of marketing; in accordance with the above researchers, marketing is ‘the process of building profitabl e customer relationships by creating value for customers and capturing value in return’ (Kotler 2010, 53). In the above description marketing is presented as being closely related to customers; in this way, the main priority of marketers is set: marketers should focus on the development of the relationship between the products/ services
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Interest group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Interest group - Essay Example Lack of attention by the Congress has paralyzed implementation. It is very crucial to address these problems to avoid further loopholes that include handout by the special interest groups, for example, the American Civil Liberties Union which fights for the rights of immigrants. Although the government is working hard in securing the border, more stringent laws need to be put in place to fully take charge of the situation. Dempsey and Forst (341) elaborate that research shows that there are more than ten million illegal immigrants in the country. This means that the federal government is not working hard enough. Another failure by the government is the lack of reforms in the visa section. It has failed to ensure that those people who get into the country on a temporary visa do not stay in the country permanently. According to Nownes (218), interest groups are people who have come together with similar interests who try their best to influence public policy. They are very important to democracy in that they represent the views of the citizens and also allow the people to have a chance of their voices being heard. In the environmental policy, an example of the interest group is the American Council for an energy efficient economy. It works towards ensuring that the economy prospers with a protected environment. Environment and energy are areas that have managed to capture a lot of interest from the citizens including interest groups. It is a policy that is determined by the federal, local entities and the state. They tackle the issues of production of energy, consumption, as well as distribution. The responsibilities include determining gas lineage standard and also building codes. The problems in energy and environment include poor government incentives and poor legislation. Being a sensitive sector, more attention is required to ensure that all citizens can enjoy a favorable environment that is clean, safe and healthy for all. It is important for the
Measures Taken for Reducing Maid Abuse in Singapore Essay Example for Free
Measures Taken for Reducing Maid Abuse in Singapore Essay There are approximately 150,000 migrant domestic workers (MDW) in Singapore and many of them suffer forms of abuse – physical and sexual violence, food deprivation, confinement in workplace and late or non-payment of salary. In 2011, an estimated 4000 MDWs ran away from their employers’ home, many of them frustrated, overworked and underpaid. (TWC2, 2011) The Singapore law doesn’t stipulate a minimum wage or mandatory rest days in contracts for these domestic workers. Instead, many initiatives have been put in place to protect the interests of these workers. (Agence France Presse, 2003) From January 2005, workers seeking to enter Singapore as MDWs have to be at least 23 years of age and have completed a minimum 8 years of formal education. They must also sit for an entry test in English to validate the worker’s linguistic, numerical and practical abilities. These measures are aimed at improving the overall quality of workers who will be working in Singapore households in an effort to promote harmonious working relationships with their employers. These workers will also be in a stronger position to understand their rights and seek protection or recourse under Singapore law should they suffer any form of abuse or ill treatment. Ministry of Manpower (MOM) has also put in place training courses to educate employers. Starting from April 2004, first time employers of MDWs have to attend a compulsory Employers Orientation Program, which educates employers on their obligations towards these workers. It underlines good employment practices to promote mutual respect between both parties. A new accreditation system has also been put in place to regulate employment agencies, which provide recruitment and placement services of these MDWs from June 2004. The accreditation requirements include proper orientation of MDWs, employer education in regards to their obligations towards the welfare of MDWs and the facilitation of written employment contracts between MDWs and their employers. Failure to achieve this accreditation will result in agency’s license being revoked. While these measures work towards protecting MDWs interests and well being, the challenge to make sure agencies and employers follows suit still exists. There are still cases of physical abuse reported and many more go undetected and unreported even though the government has stiffened penalties for acts of abuse against MDWs. Moreover, there are currently no regulations on fees charged by these agencies resulting in excessive fees being paid by MDWs to secure employment in Singapore, some of whom receive no salary for up to a year just to pay off these fees. (HRW, pg 48-51) Regulations should be passed to limit the extent these fees are being charged to MDWs. Singapore’s government also charges employers of MDWs a monthly levy of S$345 on top of a bond of $5000 per worker. This tax allows the Singapore government to collect approximately $400m each year, of which very little goes towards improving support services for these workers. The government should in turn use these taxes to help to create awareness of maid abuse or to pass it on to the various Volunteer Welfare Organisations such as Humanitarian Organization for Migration Economics and Transient Workers Count Too to work on prevention of maid abuse. It is MOMs requirement that the maid go for a medical check up every six months. Beside this measure, they could also conduct regular spot check on the maid, just like what they done for the foreign construction workers to check on safety measurements.
Monday, October 14, 2019
What Creates Fear In Horror Movies?
What Creates Fear In Horror Movies? Why I am frightened?With my dissertation, I dont want to explain the entire horror cinema story, nor mention all the important directors or the actually best movies in this genre. My aim is to know what makes the people scary in a movie, what are the elements that really creates a feeling of anxiety and stress. To achieve this goal, first of all I will analyse the beginning of the cinema (the silent movies) in order to know which is the ground of our current horror cinema culture. I think before trying to analyse any topic oneself must know the origins of this specific topic, the reality because this topic its like it currently is. After that, I will make a quick review of the horror films of each decade until the appearing of the first horror film in first-person perspective. This is because I think that the first-person perspective horror films are the culmination of our research to scare the public, I think that kind of movies are our current best bet in this issue.So with the help of the analysis of this kind of movies together with the analysis of the origins of the horror film genre, I expect to know how and what really makes us scary. Before first-person perspective horror The horror film genre born at the same time than the cinema, although did it unintentionally. Larrivà ©e dun train à La Ciotat (Arrival of a train at the Ciotat) recorded by Lumià ¨re Brothers at 1986,showed simply the arrival of a train in a platform at a railway station. Despite of it, the public who went for the first time to see the film, became frightened and ran out of the room believing that the train would come out of the screen and run over them(Martin Loiperdinger and Bernd Elzer, 2004). That first feeling of terror using a filming was because the viewers in those days didnt know anything about cinema, camera shots and audiovisual language in general. So, from then on, it would be necessary to find new ways to scare and stress the public, more deliberate ways. This result in the birth of the horror film genre, whose objective is to make feel the public in danger, scared, frightened, like the audience who was watching the train arriving in the Lumià ¨res film. Silent Movies, the beginning Logically, the first horror movies were in the field of silent films. Thus, the first horror movies were silent, in black-and-white, and they used to be closely linked to the fantasy genre, prevailing mythological or legendary characters who lived among the society. Here are some outstanding examples: Frankenstein (1910) Director: J. Searle Dawley Country: United States Duration: 12 min. Plot: Film adaption of Mary Shelleys novel Frankensteinor also calledThe modern Prometheus, published in 1818. Victor Frankenstein is a young student of 35 years old who is trying to create the ultimate creature. However, his experiments led him to create a terrible monster, deformed, which constantly attacks the people around it. But the creature disappears when Victor Frankenstein falls in love. The film was recorded in fixed camera and using long shots during all its duration. Der Golem (The Golem)(1915) Director: Paul Wagener Country: Germany Duration: 84 min. Plot:Film adaption of Gustav Meyrinks novel with the same name. The rabbi Loew sees in the stars a sign of that a catastrophe will engulf the Jewish people. Meanwhile, the emperor of Prague gives a command to expel the Jews of the city. The rabbi decides to create a clay figure, the Golem, which what will save the Jews ghetto. This production is divided into five chapters and has two sequels, The Golem and the Dancing Girl and The Golem: How He Came Into the World. Both are also inspired in the medieval Prague but they dont belong to the same genre as the original one. Das Kabinett des DoktorCaligari (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari) (1919) Director: Robert Wiene Country: Germany Duration: 51 min. Plot: Two friends, Francis and Alan, visit a fair in Holstenwall town (north of Germany). Once there, the mad Dr. Caligari and his faithful somnambulist friend Cesare announcesthat they are able to divine the future. Alan asks how long he has to live. To which question Cesare replied that he will die before dawn tomorrow, a prophecy which is fulfilled. After that his friend, Francis, begins to investigate the seer (Cesare) and the sinister doctor to find out the truth about what happened. In this film most of the plot is presented like a flashback told by Francis, the friend of Alan. The film it is a radiating example of German Expressionist Cinemas foremost forays into the genre of psychological horror and is also one of the first films to include an anti-climatic twist at the end of the story(BrokenProjector.com, 2007 ,n.p.). Nosferatu(1922) Director: F.W. Murnay Country: Germany Duration: 94 min. Plot: An unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula novel. Year 1981, the German estate agent Thomas Hutter goes to Transylvania to visit the count Orlok in him castle to close a deal on the land purchase. During the visit happens a series of mysterious events that makes Thomas suggest that the count is a vampire. Unfortunately, in that moment the contract is already signed and Orlok is going to him new mansion in Wismark (Germany). Thomas Hutter fears the worst about Ellen, him wife. Nosferatu its also considered a German expressionism film. Despite of is not the first vampire movie. Nosferatu is maybe one of the most influential vampire films of all time (Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc, 2010, p.13). In this early age of the cinema, the silenthorror films get used to narrate a history about a mythological, legendary or non-natural character. The golem for example, is not simply a fiction character created by Gustav Meyrink in his novel; the golem is also a medieval folklore and an old Jewish legend. The first stories obaut golems date back to the beginning of Judaism and they say that the golem is created from clay and a divine spark that gives life(Karina Garcà a, 2007). So, the golem is a mythological character of popular culture since centuries, in the same way that the figure of the vampire, myth in the folklore of many cultures since immemorial times. Despite of it, the word vampire (in their different language forms) began to be used in the medieval era being associated, for example, as a victim and, even, the cause of the many epidemics and diseases occurred in the eighteenth-century Europe(Carol Senf, 1988). In the other hand, characters as Frankenstein are more recent and, although nowadays its a character of the popular culture, originally were simply a fictional character created in 1818 by Mary Shelleys. In any case, all these characters are characterized by not only be fictional characters, but because they are mythological and legendary creatures (Frankenstein maybe not exactly) present in popular culture for centuries. So much so that, for example, until the early twentieth century there were killing vampire kits which were given to travelers to protect themselves from vampire attacks(UsaToday.com, 2003). Thats it, the people of that time really believed that they could be attacked by a vampire or see a golem next to a rabbi. In the case of Frankenstein, the belief was not in that particular character, but in the possibility of the existence of similar monsters in the reality due to advances in science and, above all, the technology in the nineteenth century. In the case of Caesar, the somnambulist of Dr. Caligari, is not exactly the same case but the basis are the same. Caesar although is not a monster acts as one. He sleeps in a coffin, him look is supernatural and frightening, he doesnt have willingly and, above all, he can predict the future. Maybe Caesar is like a pythoness or a witch, enough to scary the superstitious people of that time. In conclusion, the fear generated by these films was due the superstitious of the people and, more generally, because that films also provide a revealing mirror image of the anxieties of their time. Nosferatu (1922) is not simply a tale of vampirism, but offers heart-rending images of a town beleaguered by premature and random deaths, echoes of the Great War and the Great Flu Epidemic fatalities (Karina Wilson, 2005 ,n.p.) Regarding technological aspects of these movies, they are strongly motivated by the theater. Thus, they were trying to immerse the viewer into the story through the use of different melodies (always present throughout the film, there were no voices)with different purposes. On one hand, there were the atmosphere melodies, used most of the time as a resource that remained in the background to create the desired feeling depending of the location or the type of action that is described in the film. In the other hand, there were the mystery melodies, used to intrigue the viewer or stressed in the principal scenes of the movie. Referring the camera, the shots were prone to be quiet long and statics, only interposed by close-ups shots of the characters but rarely by close-ups shots of the actions. Maybe the influence of the theater was still quite strong on this aspect. Sound films, born the scream Opposed to the silent film, a sound film (or talkies) is a motion picture with synchronized sound which appearedin the mid- to late 1920s, although it was not until the early 1930s when this technique turned habitual. Films such as Dracula (1931), Freaks (1932), King Kong (1933), The Wolf Man (1941), Cat People (1942) or some of the adaptions of Robert Louis Stevensons novels, like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931),The Invisible Man (1933) or The Body Snatcher (1945) are good examples of the horror films which the people used to watch in that time. These films maintained the base of the silent movies but giving now much more importance to the human-monster of the story, which is now its indisputable protagonist. Now these characters were, in most of the times, purely fictional, and the way that used to get terrorize the public was simply thanks to their appearance and their screams or, simply, their horrific sounds. The use of close-ups shots was increasing, in these days the real claim were the monster itself, so the events of the films was far removed from the everyday realities and the approaching war. In the decade of 1950s, the beginning of the post-war era and the cold war, the people lived continuously with the fear of war. In this era films like Godzilla (1954), It Came From Beneath the Sea (1955), The Fly (1958) or The Wasp Woman (1960) were the stars of the horror film genre.All these films tell the story about an animal which is converted into a giant or repugnant creature because of reasons such as radiation, technological advances or advanced biological experiments. The relationship with atomic bombs and the anxieties about nuclear weapons is clear, one of the most common fears in the people of the time (Marc Jancovich, 1996). Furthermore, at the end of the decade was the born of the movies about UFOs, aliens and in general foreign forms of life threats. So in 1947 occurred The Roswell Incident, born the acronym U.F.O and all of that maybe originated the fear of people about alien invasions. Movies like Invasion of the Bodysnatchers (1956) or Plan 9 from Outer Space (1958 ) are good examples of that although there is another theory about the fear of alien invasion in that time that argues that is merely a code for fears of Soviet Union aggression (Marc Jancovich, 1996). although this type of films will raise through decades, with films like Alien (1979), Independence Day (1996) or even Paranormal Activity (2007), among many others. This is an example of a fear which is constantly scaring people during the decades, more or less intensively depending of the actuality. Modern times, the fear became human Teens of the time hadnt experienced the war, the social stability was a fact and the pop culture had born, welcome to the 1960s. Hitchcock was still alive and the films Psycho (1960) and The Birds (1963) were proof of this. Horror films and thrillers had intertwined by one of the maters of the cinema. The people were afraid of losing their stable life, but not because attacks ofthe monsters or failed experiments, but because people of flesh and bone. Some of the movies of Alfred Hitchcock and other films like Blood Feast (1963) are a proof of that.On the other hand, the films about ghost and living souls grew in popularity, films like Carnival of Souls (1962) or The Haunting (1963). And not far from the ghosts were the zombies, Night of The Living Dead (1968) of George A. Romero, a classic of zombies and dead livings movies.After the optimism of the 1960s, the 1970 was marked by a certain frustration. The fear apparent in the horror films of the 1970sis the fear of children and the o ften fatal process of childbirth; Eraserhead (1976) is a good example of that. Now the enemy was not in the space or in the Europe with the war. Now the fear was among us, inside our home, our mum, our dad or even our sister. Films such as The Exorcist (1973), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974), Shivers (1975), Halloween (1978) or The Shinning (1980), narrates the story of murders that occur in our neighborhood or home for people more or less close to us. In that time, there was a social deep-seated paranoia that the moral shift of the 1960s had creates a culture of young monsters without moral capable of killing. And in the year 1980 was when the first-person perspective horror film appeared. 3. Terror in first-person perspective After a century of horror films, nowadays we are witnessing an important quantity of films narrated in first-person perspective. Is not a fad, nor a trend, but gradually this type of products has grown in number and, especially, in popularity. The Blair Witch Project or, most recently, Paranormal Activity, are good examples of this situation. Both films were able to make feel the audience terrified when it comes out of the cinema. But this achievement was no thanks to a wonderful special effects, or thanks to the presence of very well made monsters and nor thanks to a heartbreaking melodies. That was because the audience really thought that the story was real and that they could be a victim of a similar experience(Manel E. Diaz, 2010). They probably discussed the facts narrated in the movie with a family member, a colleague or a friend a few days after the viewing. In fact, the movie hit them deeply, turning into an everyday fear during maybe a week after have watched the movie. First-person perspective horror films Here some examples of this kind of horror movies, most of which are recorded as a mockumentary or also called mock documentary. Originally the mockumentarieswere used as a television genre to analyze or comment current events becausethe realism of the stories were higher when this format was used.Soon the mockumentary wasalso used by the cinema, movies asDavid HolzmanHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holzmans_DiaryHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holzmans_Diarys Diary (1967), The Rutles (1978) or Man Bites Dog (1992) among many others, are a good example of that. Butit was precisely in the genre of horror movies where their use seemed to have a greater impact on the public. Cannival Holocaust(1980) Director:RuggeroDeodato Country: Italy Duration: 95 min. Plot: The movie tells the story of four documentarians who deep into the jungle (Amazon Rainforest) to film the life of the indigenous tribes with cannibal habits. Two month later, after they fail to return, the anthropologist Harold Monroe travels to the place to try to rescue the documentarians. Unfortunately, Monroe and him team discovers that the documentarians has been murdered and eaten by the indigenous. Surprisingly, they could recover the lost can of films which reveals the missing documentarians fate and all them experience into the jungle, including how they died. The supposed content of that can of films is part of the film itself. The film was presented by the director as whether all the length were real; everything you see in the movie is real, even the deaths of animals and people. Thats it, the documentarians are really dead and were really tortured and murdered by the indigenous. These statements together with the content of the supposed rescued can of films and the format in which the film was presented (like a documental, with an important number of camera-in-hand scenes) achieved that the public believed that the story really happened. Despite all this, the whole content of the movie is fiction, except perhaps the animal deaths(Randy Malamud, 2010 : 2-3). In the year 1988 appeared a sequel of the movie called Cannibal Holocaust II;this one was more really like a Giallo rather than a documentary. Alien Abduction Incident in Lake County (1998) Director: Dean Alioto Country: United States Duration: 93 min. Plot: An American family is celebrating the dinner of thanksgiving when suddenly the fuses are gone and the house goes dark. Some of the members of the family decides to go outside to check the fuse box, but something mysterious happens: an unidentified flying object lands near them. This event will mark the beginning of a nightmare night when the aliens will try to abduct the family. The whole film is presented as the recording of the familys son, who films all the events occurred during the night with his new camera because he wants become a cinema director. This fact makes that the public thinks that the filming is real, although in the end of it they can see that all is fiction. Instead of the previous films, this one is not made like a documentary (although it has various elements typical of this kind of format), but its presented as a real home video. The Blair Witch Project(1999) Directors: Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sanchez Country: United States Duration: 86 min. Plot:In October of 1994, three student film makers disappeared in the woods near Burkittesville, Maryland. One year later, their footage was found (The Blair Witch Project, 1999 :n.p.). With this statement the film starts. So, the story is about those three students who were recording a documental about a local legend about the Blair Witch. As in Cannibal Holocaust the film was presented as whether all the footage were real, as the students were really dead in the end of the film and the content of them footage was the film itself (but the whole film is fiction). The technics resources used for this occasion were the same as in Cannibal Holocaust (camera-in-hand scenes, story tell in first person perspective as the camera were the eyes of the character, documentary form, low image quality to make the story more believable,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Despite of it, unlike Cannibal Holocaust the film The Blair Witch Project managed to be a really commercial success being one of the most profitable films in the story. Perhaps the innovative viral marketing campaign that succumbed before the release of the film was one of the reasons of for its success. In the year 1988 appeared a sequel of the movie called The Blair Witch Project 2 which was simply a common horror movie.Apparently, it is already preparing a second sequel that would be more faithful to the original. REC (2007) Director:JaumeBalaguerà ³ and Paco Plaza Country:Spain Duration: 85 min. Plot:Every night Angela and her cameraman, who works for a local TV channel in Barcelona, have to make a report about the routine of one collective of the city. That night they must go along with the firefighters of the city to cover an apparently minor incident in a building in the center of Barcelona. Once they get there, they realize that the residents of this building appear to be infected and that the building has been quarantined, a night of nightmare has started. The whole content of the movie is presented as the footage recorded by the cameraman who works with Angela. There is an American film called Quarantine which is a Hollywood remake of the spanish original movie. In 2009 premiered the sequel, REC 2, which replaces the idea of an infection by a curse. Currently the directors of the original film are working in the third part of the film. There are more horror filmthat uses the first-person perspective,films asDiary of the Dead (George A. Romero), The Last Broadcast (Stefan Avalos), Cloverfield (Matt Reeves) or Paranormal Activity and its sequel (Tod Williams).The most part of the films exposed used the documental or mockumentaries format, instead of some of them like Alien Abduction Incident in Lake Countywhich uses the formatof a home video or REC, which uses the format of a TV report. 4. Format Topic, the key for scare As spectators, we have always felt protected from the dangers that are shown in the horror movies. That is thanks to the border of the diegesis, that fine line, the thickness of the screen.When we enter at the cinema we know that everything we will see is fiction, drama, a trick to scare us in the case of the horror films. We can imagine the camera and all the casting and the crew filming every scene of this movie. However, when we watch a documentary for example, our feelings are totally different so we are really convinced that every action showed in the screen really happened and, in general, we are convinced that the whole reality showed in this documentary is the same reality as ours. This fact makes us quickly empathize with the protagonists of the documentary because we already know that we can life and feel the same experiences that they are showing on the screen. In the other hand, if the documentary is in Africa and is about the danger of the snake bites, is probably that a European spectator doesnt feel as much empathy about the events showed as an Asian one for example.This is because be attacked for a venomous snake is much more possible in Asia than in Europe. So there are two things that mark our level of empathy with what were seeing on the screen, the type of visual narrative or format used and the topic of the film. The most part of the films exposed in the previous point have used the documental or mockumentaries format, instead of some of them like Alien Abduction Incident in Lake Countywhich uses the formatof a home video or REC, which uses the format of a TV report, it doesnt matter. What is really important is the use of a format that we associate with the reality. Every day we see in the news reports about local or international events and, for this reason, when we watch a film narrated with that same format we feel that the story is real. By chance, this type of formats (these are normally used to tell the reality) used to get the camera perspective to show the information, as the home video uses the same perspective to show the quotidian life of a family for example. Soin the case of the horror films in first-person point of view is not the perspective what makes us feel in danger, but the format. About the topic, as happens in the silent movies, will cause more or less fear depending on what level its close to us. So nowadays a first-person perspective horror movie about vampires wont scare us much as if was about the Flu A for example. In the other hand, there are some topics which scare us during all our history as for example, alien invasions. But inside every topic there are also a wide variety of manners of reaching the viewer. In the film Alien Abduction Incident in Lake County for example, the people who is attacked live in a rural area away from the civilization and, for this reason, they cant ask for help. However, in the film Paranormal Activity the people is attacked by aliens when they are sleeping. So is reasonable to say that Paranormal Activity has potential for scare more many people than Abduction Incident in Lake County because not everyone lives in a rural area, however, everyone sleeps. The same example its attributable to the film Cannibal Holocaust. The nightmare lived for the documentarians happen in the Amazonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ How many of the spectators have never been in the amazons? A large minority of them, sure. However, how many of the spectators have been sleeping during the night in a forest like the students of The Blair Witch Project? Surely a lot of them, maybe families with them children or friends making a picnic or a bivouac during the summer. Although the film could have been even scarier if for example it had occurred in a neighborhood in the outskirts of big city. So a really large part of the audience would feel identified with it and, maybe, when they would return home they would be a little bit afraid at least. So, in the same way that throughout the history of horror movies, nowadays we are scared about those topics whose are close to us. But not only nearby topics, also films with characters wholived situations that we can live in our quotidian lives. During the history of the horror films we have seena large amount of films about issues of concern to the entire population, global issues. Instead, to really scare the public its better to find closer topics, more personal, all this bearing in mind that a movie is a commercial product that should appeal to millions of people. In conclusion, for make a really terrifying movie we have to speak about a fear which can be felt by the people in their everyday life and furthermore, we have to use a format which is used to link to the explanation of real events, a format like the documentary for example. The horror films in first-person perspective uses this formats, but not always speaks about the most terrifying topic thus its depends of the global issues that there are when the film is released. Conclusions After more than a century of watching films, the human as a spectator feels so comfortable that its difficult to scare. The people goes to the cinema knowing that the reality showed in the screen is not the same reality that the one they lives. And also knowing that the characters who are in the film are well-paid actors. In fact, they expect to enjoy with a good dramatization, a well narrated fiction story and, maybe, some spontaneous scare. As did Orson Welles in his radio broadcast War of the Worlds in 1938, the key for scare the public is to catch them off guard. And it has to be made inside their own reality, without allowing them to protect themselves with the diegesis of the fiction. The history has shown us that the best way to achieve this purpose is to narrate a fictional story using the same techniques that we would use whether the story was real. In fact, Larrivà ©e dun train à La Ciotat (Arrival of a train at the Ciotat) recorded by Lumià ¨re Brothers at 1986 its a documentary (in its way), not a fiction movie. So,the first-person horror movies uses this techniques to scare the audience, but that is not the only thing to keep in mind. The topic of the movie is also important,a really terrifying movie has to speak about a fear which can be felt by the people in their everyday life, something that can really happen to them. This is a human fact, the people always has felt fear by the dangers of his surrounding, of his country, of his town, of his neighborhood, on his lives. Bybliography BrokenProjector, 2007, Kammerspielfilm, http://www.brokenprojector.com/wordpress/?p=9[Electronically accessed 24th November, 2010.] Elzer, B. Loiperdinger, M. (2004), The Moving Image 4. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Garcà a, K. (2007), ObservacionesFilà ³soficas Magazine, http://www.observacionesfilosoficas.net/golem.html[Electronically accessed 24th November, 2010.] Jancovich, M. (2006), Rational Fears.Manchester : Manchester University Press. Le Blanc, M. Odell, C. (2000), Vampire Films. Harpenden : Pocket Essentials Malamud, R. (2003), Poetic Animals and Animals Souls.Georgia : Palgrave Macmillan. Senf, C. (1988),The Vampire in Nineteenth Century English Literature.Wisconsin : Popular Press. Myrick, D. Sanchez, E. (1999) The Blair Witch Project. Haxan Films. Usa Today. (2003), Vampire Killing Kits Sells for $12,000, http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2003-10-31-vampire_x.htm[Electronically accessed 24th November, 2010.] Wilson, K. (2005a), Horror Film History, http://www.horrorfilmhistory.com/index.php?pageID=1920s [Electronically accessed 24th November, 2010.]
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Analysis of Little Red Riding Hood :: Little Red Riding Hood
Analysis of Little Red Riding Hood  The psychologist Sigmund Freud created many theories on how people are and why they do the things they do. His psychoanalytic theories are used today to for a better understanding of and to analyze literature. Freud’s three key zones of mental process are the id, the ego and the superego. The id is one of the most important of the three when talking about â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood†by Charles Perrault. The author tries to show that being impulsive and basically giving in to your id is not the best way to live one’s life.  In the beginning of â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood†, the little girl is happily skipping through the forest. â€Å"†¦she met a wolf, who wanted to eat her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Stories, 1066) and proceeds to have a friendly conversation with him. This is her first mistake. Being young and uninformed about the ways of the world, she thinks it is perfectly normal to talk to a big, scary wolf. â€Å"The poor child did not know how dangerous it is to chatter away to wolves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Stories, pg. 1066). Since the little girl is young and impressionable, she jumps on her impulses to talk to any stranger she comes across. She does not think of what could come of her informing the wolf of her every move. She is not concerned with what might happen due to her irrational choice of speaking with a similarly irrational wolf.  The wolf is also guilty of giving in to his amoral desires. When he first sees the little girl, he â€Å"†¦wanted to eat her but did not dare to because there were woodcutters working nearby.†(Stories, pg. 1066) He refrained from giving into his impulses only because he was afraid of being hurt by the people nearby. However, the wolf did not stay hungry for long. Giving into his animalistic desires, he beat the girl to her grandmother’s house and proceeded to eat her. He could not ignore his desires anymore. The wolf thinks with his stomach and not his mind. â€Å"The id is, in short, the source of all our aggressions and desires.†(HCAL, pg. 130) The wolf shows the fundamental characteristics of the id. He relies on his aggression and desires to obtain what he wants.  At the end of the story, the irrationality of the main characters comes to an all time high.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Afghan War to Drone Attacks: Legality Under Ihl Essay
Introduction: Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,And American starting Global War on Terror and attacks on Afghanistan in persuit of AL-QAEDA and TALIBAN as they were alleged to be involved in attacks of 9/11.Pakistan being a neighboring state also got effected by this war and a series of Suicide bombing started due to Pakistan’s alliance with American as frontline strategic partner in this war .Similarly more dangerous area in Pakistan was Tribal Areas along Afghan boarder and many militants escaping from Afghanistan came to these areas and allegedly planed attacks on allies forces fighting in Afghanistan. So Americans expanded this war inside the Pakistani Boarder for attacking militants by Drone Attacks. Drone attacks in Pakistan are one of the most important and controversial aspects of the Bush as well as Obama Administration’s approach to fighting terrorism. The legality of drones has been questioned for a variety of reasons, some more grounded in fact than others, but in spite of these criticisms there is little question that the use of drones in surveillance and combat roles is on the rise international law has had to grapple with the fundamental challenges that large-scale violence carried out by non-State actors poses to the traditional inter-State orientation of international law. Questions related to the â€Å"adequacy†and â€Å"effectiveness†of international humanitarian law, international human rights law and the law related to the use of force have been particularly pronounced†¦ The first reported use of a â€Å"drone†was in 1919, when the inventor of autopilot technology and the gyroscope, Elmer Sperry, sunk a German battleship with a pilotless aircraft. The Vietnam War saw drones used for surveillance purposes. Drones have the advantage of being able to gather valuable intelligence without the inherent risk to human life that a traditional way by a piloted craft would pose. Base for the Use of Drones: Drones base can be found from the speech of American President Bush while he was addressing joint session of American Congress and House of Representstive shortly after 9/11 stating that â€Å"We will direct every resource at our command, every means of diplomacy, every tool of intelligence, every instrument of law enforcement, every financial influence, and every necessary weapon of war, to attack and to the defeat of the global terror network.†The Bush Administration found great value in drone technology and used attack drones against targets in several countries, including Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq.Under President Obama, the use of attack drones has notably accelerated. The Taliban, subdued but not defeated, has not become a non-violent political force in the new Afghanistan. Nature of Pak-Afghan Border , Its Effect: .The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan may separate two sovereign States as a matter of law, but the Durand Line rarely functions as such in practice. This is the Pakhtun heartland, a transnational tribal cultural geographical region with large populations of Pashtuns on either side of the border. It is because of this intermingling of culture and allegiance that the area is frequently referred to as â€Å"Pak-Afghan†It is here where Al Qaeda’s then first- and second-in-command, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, were generally believed to be hiding until bin Laden was killed in an American raid on May 1, 2011 in Abbottabad, Pakistan. So due to this close relationship between the residence of Pak Afghan boarder people use to come here and there acrose the border .So it becomes necessary for fighting terrorism to take actions on both sides of Pak Afghan border, But it does not mean that the forces acting in Afghanistan have free hand to attack even in the territory of Pakistan whenever and however they want. These attacks have to be in limitations of the rules of IHL. Drones, Importance in Targeting Terrorist: It is undeniable that American drone attacks in northwest Pakistan have had a significant impact in terms of deaths and injuries to civilians and damage to civilian objects. In light of the stated purpose of these attacks, to facilitate the defeat of the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies, this quantum of harm may or may not be justifiable in terms of ’morality, ethics or policy, but these considerations are not, or are at least not wholly, considerations that determine ’the legal analysis.For example, it is possible to support the use of drone attacks, either in particular situations or entirely, as a matter of morality, ethics or policy, and still conclude that any attack is unlawful. The inverse position is also possible. whether or not drone attacks are legal under international law related to the use of force is not dispositive as to their legality under international humanitarian law. As with the juxtaposition of considerations of morality, ethics and policy, there need not be any correlation between ’the legal analysis under the law related to the use of force and’ the legal analysis under international humanitarian law. As a matter of law, these are completely separate analyses. The legal determination of what constitutes â€Å"the battlefield†has particular significance for the use of drones, particularly armed drones. This is because â€Å"the battlefield†is used to effectively define the scope of IHL’s application. In situations outside the scope of IHL, international human rights law (IHRL) applies. Further IHL allows for lethal force to be employed based upon the status of the target. A member of the enemy’s forces may be targeted with lethal force based purely on his status as a member of those forces. That individual does not have to pose a current threat to friendly forces or civilians at the time of targeting. In contrast, IHRL permits lethal force only after a showing of dangerousness. Under IHRL, lethal force may only be employed if the individual poses an imminent threat to law enforcement officers attempting arrest or to other individuals. Further, IHRL requires that an opportunity to surrender be offered before lethal force is employed. Controversy Regarding Application of IHL on Drone Attacks: Before assessing the lawfulness of each American drone attack in northwest Pakistan under international humanitarian law, it is necessary to first draw the distinction in law between situations of violence and situations of armed conflict and then to understand how international humanitarian law classifies situations of armed conflict. International humanitarian law did not provide a clear definition of armed conflict, despite the fact that international humanitarian law’s application relies upon the existence of an armed conflict.None of the Four Geneva Conventions of1949, nor either of the two 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions define armed conflict, and the consensus view is that the existence of an armed conflict is determined on the basis of the particular facts and circumstances.Major Cause of this ambiguity is long Afghan War and its different phases having different legal scope. Changing Nature Of Afghan Conflict: The armed conflict in the land of Afghanistan is one of the longest conflicts in world history. The nature of the conflict has changed with the course of time. The war with spears, swords, cannons, guns and now the hottest; Drones. Simultaneously, the dynamics of humanitarian law cannot be ignored. The law of war was not that explicit in ancient times like the way they are now. We will assess the conflict status after 9/11 attack. The period since then can be divided into two phase: * 7th October 2001 to 19th June 2002 * June 2002 to present If we discard the armed conflict of Afghanistan post 9/11 then it will be hard to understand the changing trend. On 12th September 2001. A resolution no.1368 has been passed by Security Council which legalized the war (Operation enduring freedom) on terror by US in the land of Afghanistan. The contention from the side of US was right to self defense and collective rights. The intervention of such nature gives rise to following upshots: * The armed opposition on one side and the intervening state/states supporting the other side keeping the nature of the conflict as non-international armed conflict; The discrepancy in the warfare technology is one of the causes behind this. As US is equipped with high tech war machines while on the other hand the armed opposition are far more inferior. This led them to shift hostilities in a different level to cope up with the opponent. Hence, they have started targeting crowded areas among civilians. This finally resulted in a blur to apply the principle of distinction between the combatants and non combatant. In the same manner While there is some disagreement about whether â€Å"combatant status†should be recognized in non-international armed conflicts, that dispute is irrelevant when it comes to questions concerning the status of members of al-Qaeda or other terrorist organizations. Because combatant status is based upon membership in a group that organizationally enforces â€Å"compliance with the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict. Groups such as al-Qaeda, whose means and methods of warfare include deliberately targeting civilians, cannot claim combatant status for their members. It should be emphasized that the behavior of an individual al-Qaeda member cannot confer combatant status. No matter how strictly an individual member of a non-privileged group adheres to IHL or how scrupulously they distinguish between civilian and military targets, they are never entitled to the combatant’s privilege and may therefore be criminally liable for attacks on members of an opposing armed force. Al-Qaeda does not, as some have suggested, have a â€Å"basic right to engage in combat against us†in response to our attacks. If al-Qaeda members are not combatants, then what are they? Like all people, IHL treats them as being presumptively civilians who, as a general rule are immune from targeting. If they are civilians than how American Harold H. Koh, legal adviser to the United States State Department relied on the Art 51 of UN charter for justification of Drones in Pakistani territory. This in term of humanitarian law is known as â€Å"Asymmetric warfare†. On 5th December 2001, an accord was made, known as Bonn Agreement which formed a Transitional administration in Afghanistan. With this emergency Loya Jirga, the one year old international armed conflict terminated but the hostilities continued from the side of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. This type, this puppet government was striving hard against this opposition. This has taken a new shape of a non international armed conflict. At this point the application of the article 3(common article) of Geneva Convention, 1949 was no more questionable. The gravity of the new form was so grave that even customary International customary humanitarian law cannot be set aside. Where IHL Applies? And Status of Drones In Pakistani Territory: But a question remains over the legality of the US support in afghan war because there are some criteria which are required to be fulfilled to justify the attacks. The criteria are: > The armed opposition should have control over the territories of that country; > They (armed opposition) must have carried out, sustained and concerted military Operations. They must have control over the civilians in certain territory of that state; > The AdPII is not binding on the states who haven’t ratified it; > Even if they (US) ratify, they are not bound because, the AdPII is applicable in the conflict between a state actor and the non sate actor of that country (Article 1(1) of AdPII). On the basis of same arguments as Drones are part of this War on Terror but their targets are in Pakistan are of more grave nature as Allies Armies are not fighting in Pakistan or against Pakistan nor Americans are doing so because they are not in Conflict With Pakistan but in saying They are strategic partner in this War. And importantly like armed conflict, non international Armed conflict also have no definition under International Law which can cover this War on Terror as international or internal armed conflict so it became controversial that either these Drone Attacks are subject to IHL or IHRL due to doubtful nature of this War specially its actions in Pakistani territory, Because IHL only applies in International Armed conflict and requires some qualifications to become a combatant which can be summed up as under: A combatant is: 1) a member of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict (who then has the obligation to distinguish himself/herself from the civilian population); or 2) a member of another armed group (militias, organized resistance movements,†¦) belonging to a Party to the conflict, provided that such group fulfills the following conditions: a. that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates; b. that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance; c. that of carrying arms openly; d. that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war. As Al Qaeda and Taliban does not have character of distinct uniform but have a strong command as known by whole world similarly they have training centers as American alleges that they have safe havens in Pakistan for training but does it mean that if Al Qaeda and Taliban does not folow any law the Allies and American forces should not follow any rule while acting against them? Though Al Qaeda’s suicide attackers also attacks on civilian without any distinct uniform as part of Al Qaeda so the forces could not identify them but it does not mean that the forces can kill any time to any one just in doubt of suicide ? Similarly if the answer to these questions is not in affirmative than whether the right to self defense extends to the territory of other state who have not a party in conflict? as American Attacks are of on such grounds as expressed by Harold H. Koh, legal adviser to the United States State Department, delivered the keynote address to the American Society of International Law on On March 25,2012. Prof Koh argued that drone attacks meet the legal principles set out in the law of war because they fall under the larger doctrine of `self-defense` and stated: â€Å"In an ongoing armed conflict the United States has the right to use Force including lethal force to defend itself including by targeting Persons such as high-level Al Qaeda leaders who are planning attacks†. Harold H. Koh’s stance and its Legal Implications: Koh held that the attacks are legal because they meet the principles of both `distinction` in that they are designed to target specific individuals in response to intelligence and `proportionality`  that is, they do not cause excessive loss of life in relation to the military or strategic goals thatare sought to be achieved by them. In response to the critique that targeted killings are never legal Koh argued that no legal process is required to inform those planning attacks against the United States. But if we consider Mr. Koh’s stance valid than it gives raise to many questions. For example, if the targeting of individuals was considered prima facie valid simply under the basis of self-defense then the war in Gaza (documented in the Goldstone Report) and hostilities against civilians in Sri Lanka, Congo etc would not need to be discussed by the relevant UN bodies? Simply put, if all extra-judicial targeted killings were so easily justified based on the pr- emises of self-defense then any nation could be allowed under the flimsiest of pretexts to encroach on another`s territory to kill individuals they believed were involved in hostile acts against it. As this doubtful nature of these attacks is clear from this part of my assignment . Answer to these questions are necessary before commenting on illegality of Drone Attacks because it will give us clear view that under which law these should be dealt IHL or IHRL? Drones ,A matter of IHL: Though some people think Drone just as a subject of IHRL but its not so simle to say this .Many interpretation of International Law by ICJ, ICTY, ICC ,most Importantly U.S Supreme Court as well as Israelian Court’s comments and Judgement clearly put this War in the ambit of IHL. Transnational Armed Conflict and Drones: But along this another term is of Transnational Armed Conflict which is more relevant to the nature of these attacks because The problem with these definitions of international and non-international armed conflict is that collectively they did not describe all the types of armed conflicts that might exist. It was possible for an armed conflict to satisfy neither of these definitions. The United States’ conflict with al-Qaeda could not be an international armed conflict because al-Qaeda was not a â€Å"High Contracting Party†to the Geneva Conventions. Yet it was also clearly not a non-international armed conflict as defined above because it was not internal to the United States. The existence of this purported â€Å"gap†in IHL’s coverage was felt most immediately by detainees in the conflict between al-Qaeda and the United States. Similarly An illustration of why this distinction between internal civil wars and transnational armed conflicts must be maintained. In a recent lawsuit brought by the ACLU against the Obama Administration. The ACLU attempted to enjoin drone strikes directed against Anwar al-Aulaqi, a prominent member of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Although the ACLU conceded that strikes targeting al-Aulaqi would be governed by IHL if they were conducted in Af- ghanistan, they maintained that such strikes would be occurring â€Å"outside the context of armed conflict†if they were directed against al-Aulaqi in Yemen. Using the reasoning that underlies the strict geographical limitations on the scope of IHL described above, the ACLU argued that the absence of an armed conflict in Yemen foreclosed the application of IHL to anyone in Yemeni territory. Instead, the use of lethal force was governed by IHRL and might only be employed when al-Aulaqi presented a â€Å"concrete, specific, and imminent threat of death or serious physical injury†to others. Because the ACLU conceded that al-Aulaqi was targetable under IHL in Afghanistan, the legal basis for their claim was based upon where al-Aulaqi was rather than upon who he was. Similarly Israel’s Supreme Court put situation under IHL, where a state is fighting against a non state actor, the Israeli Supreme Court was tasked with assessing the lawfulness of Israel’s policy of targeted killings in the West Bank and Gaza. Between the outbreak of the Second Intifada in 2000 and 2005, Israel’s targeted killing policy resulted in the death of nearly 300 suspected terrorists, over 100 civilian deaths and hundreds of injuries. The most famous example of this policy was the 2004 attack on Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, founding member of Hamas, when an Israeli helicopter gunship killed him in Gaza. In discussing whether an armed conflict paradigm applied to Israel’s targeted killing policy, the court boldly stated that â€Å"there is no doubt today that an armed conflict may take place between a state and groups or organizations that are not states, inter alia because of the military abilities and weapons in the possession of such organizations and their willingness to use them.†The court was also clearly influenced by the State Attorney Office’s argument that Israel had suffered proportionately a much greater loss in terms of terrorism victims during the period under review than the United States had on September 11, and that these attacks were in the nature of an â€Å"‘unceasing, continuous and murderous barrage of attacks, which are directed against Israelis wherever they are, without any distinction between soldiers and civilians or between men, women and children.†Thus, Targeted Killings’ main contribution to the discussion lies in its focus on the willing use of violence on a significant scale by an organized group. The Tadic Case: Application of IHL on non state actors in Transnational Conflict: In Tadic’s Case The ICTY acknowledged this â€Å"overlap†understanding of armed conflict in its 1999 Tadic’s judgment when it stated: It is indisputable that an armed conflict is international if it takes place between two or more States. In addition, in case of an internal armed conflict breaking out on the territory of a State, it may become international (or, depending upon the circumstances, be international in character alongside an internal armed conflict) if (i) another State intervenes in that conflict through its troops, or alter- natively if (ii) some of the participants in the internal armed conflict act on behalf of that other State. This concept was further developed it in Boskoski, where it determined that fighting between Macedonian security forces and the Albanian National Liberation Army constituted an armed conflict. The test consists of two prongs: (1) the intensity of the conflict, and (2) the organization of the parties thereto. In addition, the Boskoski court laid out factors relevant to the satisfaction of each prong in a lengthy opinion that sheds light on the highly fact-specific nature of the inquiry, particularly where one of the parties is a non-state actor. Under the Boskoski analysis, fighting between al Qaeda and the United States constitutes an armed conflict, permi-tting the United States to conduct targeted killings of al Qaeda fighters. Similarly U.S Supreme Court in some judgements relating to Afghan war also declared this as an Armed conflict The Federal court on enforcement says that the US government considers itself in war with Afghanistan. The efforts from the executive branch have always been to portray the situation in Afghanistan asan armed conflict. This statement has also been supported by the congress. The standpoint over the detention of the terrorists has been endorsed by US courts also its judgements linked with issues arising from Afghan. Consent of Pakistani Gov’t And Its Effect On Legal Status of Drones: Another argument is most commonly given that all the attacks are with the consent of Pakistani Gov’t but if its so than what is proof ,is there any treaty in this regard? If its only verbal than its existence is doubtful at all .Another main thing which contradict existence of any understanding on these attacks is the statements of Pakistani Officials including P.M , Foreign Minister and many others condemning these attacks publically as well as officially so no Question of Consent remains valid. Specifically It is also worth mentioning in this context that Pakistani Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Hina Rabbani Khar’s condemnation of American drone attacks in northwest Pakistan on March 17, 2011 was phrased in the language of armed conflict: such strikes constitute a matter of serious concern and raise issues regarding respect for human rights and humanitarian law. Irresponsible and unlawf ul conduct cannot be justified on any grounds’. Admittedly, the Minister of State’s statement was not particularly clear in recognizing that the United States was engaged in an armed conflict with the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies on the Pakistani side of the Durand Line, but it is a legally significant admission that contributes to the case for the existence of an armed conflict in northwest Pakistan , Proceeding from the position that the situation of violence that the United States is engaged in War with the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies in northwest Pakistan amounts to an armed conflict, international humanitarian law would be the appropriate legal frame of reference for assessing the lawfulness of individual drone attacks in northwest Pakistan. Is Pakistan’s Inability to Trace and Attack Militants Justifies Drone Attacks? Now the next argument is for the justification of these drones is that Pakistan do not have ability to tackle these terrorist so that’s why American are intervening for striking them .Is it not a violation of the rights of a sovereign state to have respect of his territorial area by non-interference by others without due process of law .This view is clearly upheld by ICJ in case of In Democratic Republic of Congo case, the retaliation from the side of Uganda due to the previous intrusion of Congo raised the issue to armed conflict. It was held that Congo’s inability to take any action against the militant does not give any right to Uganda to commit an act of incursion and attack the group themselves. Victims of Drones under IHL: Though the purpose of drone is to counter terrorist but statistics shows that among them there are many civilians, A study at Stanford and New York University titled ‘Living Under Drones’ claimed that only two percent of drone strike casualties in Pakistan are top militants, and that the large number of related civilian deaths turn Pakistanis against the US. The study revealed that number of casualties among Pakistani civilians was far higher than the US acknowledged. The NAF report covers the period between 2004 and February 24, 2010, its date of publication. Particularly striking is that the number of drone attacks that took place during the first fifty-five days of 2010 were, at eighteen, exactly twice the number of drone attacks that took place during the entire four years from 2004 to 2007. Overall, during the almost six years and two months covered by the study, the United States carried out 114 drone attacks, resulting in between 830 and 1,210 total deaths, with between 550 and 850 of the dead being militants. This means that slightly more than 30% of deaths from drone attacks in the study were civilian deaths, with the percentage dropping to slightly less than 25% if one focuses only on 2009, the most active year covered by the study. Basic Principles of IHL and Their Observance In Drone Attacks: As its clear that Drones are subject to follow the IHL. But if we examine their style of attacking and their targets and effectees as mentioned in previous heading we can say that Drones are even violating the fundamental principles of IHL Principal of proportionality and Distinction: Given that the United States has conducted almost 300 drone attacks in northwest Pakistan in recent years and that international humanitarian law would require an exacting and individualized assessment for each of these attacks, space constraints preclude broad and sweeping generalizations about the compliance of each of these attacks under this branch of law. International humanitarian law is extraordinarily fact intensive, and the meaning attached to many of its key principles, in particular the principle of proportionality, is often contested and prone to political manipulation. First, although international humanitarian law recognizes that it is unable to eliminate the scourge of war .and instead endeavours to master it and mitigate its effects, the principle of proportionality does not forbid collateral damage when such damage is outweighed by a particular Attacks concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. Of course, international humanitarian law does prohibit disproportionate attacks. The principle of distinction and the underlying principle of proportionality are the most fundamental principles of humanitarian law. The principle of distinction embodies the concept that the effects of war must be limited to combatants and military objectives as much as is feasible. Civilians and civilian objects should be spared and may not be targeted. However, it is clear that collateral damage as such is not necessarily unlawful under international humanitarian law and that proportionality is a calculus of intangibles that balances military and civilian concerns. Proportionality must be assessed within the context of particular facts and circumstances, and conclusions of law cannot be drawn in abstracto. With this understanding of the international humanitarian law principle of proportionality, one can begin to assess the legal implications of the drone attack that killed Baitullah Mehsud. When Hellfire missiles from an American Predator drone killed Mehsud in South Waziristan, it was reported that he perished along with his wife, his mother- and father-in law, seven bodyguards and a TTP lieutenant. Though in present circumstances, and involvement of international politics its difficult to solve the problems peacefully specially terrorism .But it does not mean this necessity gives free hand to fight war without any rules As there is customary law of war in shape of conventions, and necessity of war is also there subject to rule of Distinction which provides that during war distinction must be kept in mind between military targets and civilian objects .So attacks on Masajid,Madaris Houses as well as on wedding ceremonies are illegal under the rule of Distinction. IHL does not declares war as illegal but accepts the military necessity and regulate the use of force by providing that only military object should be targets even though some civilians also get effect from it. But should be minute, this lose in language of IHL is known as collateral damagebut the rule of customary law applies on all states regardless of their ratification by that state. In short if we examine the causalities of Drone Attacks a huge number of Civil Victims are there. Similarly many attacks have destroyed houses Masajid and Madaris which is against the rules of IHL dealing with lawful targets. As the General Rule is that the benefit of doubt will go to the accused ,the same principle is adopted in IHL prohibiting attacks on such targets about which you are having a doubt that it have some civilian nature.Though its difficult to draw line distinction .r Proportionality but maximum care must be taken.But in Drones it was also not observed. Even against enemies only such amount of force or wapon can be used which only compels him to accept defeat ,and the purpose of war is to overtake opponent and not its extermination. Conclusion: Drone Attacks along Pak-Afghan Border inside the territory of Pakistan are important in a way that they developed some new concepts in International Law ,especially in IHL. If we see from the perspective of Americans and their Ally’s view it seems that The drone campaign raises fundamental questions of the acceptability of violence as a form of conflict resolution. Further the confusing nature of Afghan Issue also stops the way to argue from one legal angle to discuss validity of drones. A question can be raised that Drones are being used in Pakistan than why a detailed discussion on Afghan War given? But in reality World has become a global village so no one can be assessed in isolation specially Pak-Afghan area ,having strong ties in all dimensions of Life International Relations. As here Drones were discussed under IHL but if there is some doubt about the application of IHL than necessarily IHRL will apply and assessment under UDHR also invalidates the application of Drones violating fundamental rights like Right to Fair Trail, Representation by Counsel, Right to Life and Freedom Of Movement, etc .But it’s a separate detailed discussion. Even with full opposition by International Community having knowledge of IHL continuous and non stop use of Drones is showing Practical Example of â€Å"Might Is Right†. BIBLIOGRAPHY * Ahmad, Muhammad Mushtaq. Jihad,Mazahmat Aur Baghawat:Islami Shari’at Aur Bain al Aqwami Qanun Ki Roshni Men†,Gujranwala:Al-Shari’ah Accademy,2008 * Gabor,Rona.†Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the â€Å"War on Terror††, The Fletcher Forum Of World Affairs,27(2007) * Barindge,Robert.†A Qualified Defense Of Drone Attacks In Northwest Pakistan Under International Humanitarian Law†Boston University International Law Review.30(2012) * Evans,Malcolm D.International Law.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003. * Starke,J.G. Introduction to International Law.Kent:Butterworth Law Publishers Limited,1994. * â€Å"Mapping US Drone and Islamic Militant Attacks in Pakistan†, BBC NEWS (July 22, 2010) * Lewis,Michel. †.Drones and the Boundaries of the Battlefield†Texas International Law Journal.47(2012) * Basak, Chiradeep.†Legality Over Drone Attacks From The Facet Of IHL†(2012) ava ilable at ssrn.com/abstract2139001. * North Atlantic Treaty * Zakaria,Rafia.†Are drone attacks legal?†DAWN NEWS. * Solomon,Erika & Mohammed Ghobari, CIA Drone Kills U.S.-born Al Qaeda Cleric in Yemen, REUTERS(sep 2011) * Michael W. Lewis and Ben Wizner, Predator Drones and Targeted. Killings, FEDERALIST SOCIETY (Jan. 27, 2011) * Prosecutor v. Tadi ´c, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Appeals Chamber, 84 (Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia July 15, 1999) * Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Case No. IT-04-82-T, Judgment, at 78– 93 (Int’l Crim.Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia July 10,2008. * Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 584 U.S.557 (2006) * Boumedine v. Bush 553 U.S.723 (2008) * â€Å"Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Joins in the Condemnation†DAWN(18,March,2011) * Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda 2005 ICJ * †The Year of the Drone: An Analysis of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan†2004-2012†. NEW AMERICAN FOUNDATION. * â€Å"Mapping US Drone and Islamic Militant Attacks in Pakistan†, BBC NEWS (July 22, 2010) * ICRC, PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS (PROTOCOL I), 8 JUNE 1977 * Hague Conventions and Protocols * St Petersberg Declaration WEBLIOGRAPHY * http://www.bbc.co.uk * http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net * http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/ * http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com * http://rt.com/news/pakistan-drones-study-civilians-933/ * http://www.dawn.com * http://www.fed-soc.org * http://www.reuters.com * http://archives.dawn.com
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