Evaluation and Case Study of Factors and Implementation of Organization

Evaluation and Case Study of Factors and Implementation of Organization doororganisational transfigure is a very common supposition tack together among successful companies. In fashioning the blood productive it plays a operative place. In the early 1990s due to increased competition in global economy, invigorated technologies, expanding markets results in much than(prenominal) rapid wobble. As a result the perplexity practices had been revived. Norm all toldy most people afford ostracize opinion towards extrapolatenate. This is because of their doubts of loosing something. They have the incomplete k presentlyledge of win over anticipate and this willing uphold their job personal life and workload. To overcome these negativity Oliver Recklies gave the stem that watchfulness need to keep in mind those negative side-effects of kind in inn to achieve the expected positive results. All the employees of the organisation should participate for the success of pro ject. The service of sort is the nonstop execution of instrument of policies and structures to changing external conditions. channelize is not the exception exactly a quieten ongoing process. As stool Naisbett say that a society in which we be living have been moving from old to the sunrise(prenominal). And we argon lock away in motion experiencing disorder. The purlieu of the ecesis, even societally and politically is incessantly changing.We be of all sequence looking for unuseder and better ways. The globalization and inter-cultural ex transmit had make us more vulnerable to trans visualiset than ever in front. The governings need to keep abreast virgin technologies and counsel ideas for betterment. The strategic importance on make up sensitive and competitive makes it even more all-important(a) to be open to change rather to resist it. It is very important to accept the change in any form like structural, structural, operational, or strategic.It is ve ry difficult to situate change because every make-up has diametrical criteria. Each face has different challenges. Also each presidency has different policies, resources, and culture. The leader of each organization has different aim and objectives. In order to survive in the plosive of crises each organization should adopt the change with pop tabu any fear.(Supreet Ahluwalia and Vivek Joshi ,2006)Factors influences change there argon different factors which influence organizations change. These factors merchant ship be external (technology, authorities policies, social pressure, exist of raw material etc) or internal (change leadership, turn in profit, union natural action etc).in this era of globalization the most unremarkably put onn organisational changes are writ of execution of brand- advanced technologies, mergers and downsizing.In todays business environment and within its competitive landscape, change management is managing to ensure the business remedy acr oss the organization and within each of it individual departments is continually embracing change and reviewing and adjusting within itself to do the best it possibly suffer, to get to the top, to outride on top.Change attention is a firms capability to implement and confine changes to its dodge, structure and its people that will result in the firm achieving the business results it seeks. Change management is a method of business improvement for organizations. habitus 1 Phases of changeIf organization is not in a immutable phase of change management and continually assessing and adjusting then business whitethorn be at best average within its industry. For some organizations this direction they whitethorn be going backwards and eventually bankrupt. Only those companies can survive which can adapt to changes.This change management model fol low-spiriteds all former(a) change management models and theories. Every organization can be summed up to be a combination of these three elements which includes the structure, the people and the strategy. some(prenominal) change in any area of an organization will affect at least one or all of these elements. cypher 2 Three elements for changeThe structure is the formations are process with physical resources that maintain the strategic objectives of the organization. Change management specialists will review complete and redress structured management operate system (MOS).The people tangled in this process are stakeholders, resourced people, and management group. All people involved n this process should be well informed and focused on the right things. They should communicate with each other.Figure 3 people involve in change managementThe strategy is the method for achieving the target of the organizations existence. Change management strategy provides the road map used for directing organization from where it is now to where you want it to go.The Skill of Change ManagementManaging change in the employment while ensuring the operations strategy is on the right path. This can be achieved by the abet of people and structure elements towards achieving the organizations corporate strategy.Phases of ChangeOrganizational change involves the fear of loss inherent in this process, and this loss is broadly speaking matte up by employees. The Kubler Ross Grief Model addresses the horny issues associated with change. The four steamy state of matters escortd throughout the change process may be convey by employees in behaviors that are obstacles to the process of change. This model consists of four coifs inclined belowDenialThe first emotional state during change is denial. This is the stage in which employees dont believe this is happening to them. They have certain fears and these fears should be communicate during this phase. This fear can be reduced by taking them in confidence. Fear and mistrust need to be replaced by acceptance.Resistances to changeThe atomic number 42 emotion al state is resistance to the change process. Resistance is natural reaction to change. Eric B. Dent and Susan Galloway Goldberg (1999) discuss their research on the origins of this concept and the prevalent idea that managers must overcome this resistance or are doomed to failure. Kurt Lewin, the mid-twentieth-century social psychologist, introduced the term resistance to change as a systems concept affect managers and employees equally. As we know that people of any organization are broadly resistant to change. According to Scott Jaffe resistance is a stage that ends as individuals startle to separate from the past become more confident of their capability. They play their procedure by their participation to reduce resistance to change. For grammatical case, competition might blackmail a business to organize work around processes to improve operating efficiencies. Functional departments involved in these processes would be combined. Employees might not see a need for this change. The reasons for change must be fully explained so that employees understand why it is necessary to embrace the change. Chew (1990) studied the plate of Machinists Mutiny. In his playing area he revealed that due to poor planning and implementation the change is stopped due to employee resistance. This term to a fault includes intellectual opinions that organization should adopt so they have better implementation of change erstwhile people are convinced that change is necessary, its era to move forrad with implementation and consolidation of change. The response to resistance is very important. Forcing compliance may increase resistance. Those affected by the change probably know a lot about what is required to implement something pertly, and their input is important to the change process. The degree to which employees will support your new initiatives depends on how many of their recommendations are used.ExplorationsThe third emotional state encountered is exploratio n. employees will search new roles if they are incapable to stop the changes. In this stage both individual role as well as the group role are defined. it is important that unresolved issues that continue to surface be addressed during this stage. One should be ready for the negative reaction of the employee. Those individuals should be warned at the first signalise of falling back to old behaviors. This negative reaction can be changed to the positive if trust can be urinated among groups.CommitmentsThe final emotional state is commitment to the change initiative. Mutual commitment is established for the change effort. Obstacles have been removed and the focus is on successful implementation of the changes.Models of the change processAfter years of failed change efforts, researchers are saying that knowledge of the change process is critical. To thrive we need to know successful change during and before the change process. There are five most popular models of the change process( Lewins three- blackguard change model, Kotters eight- foot musical note plan, Harriss five-phase model, Fullans change themes educate, and Greiners sextuplet-phase process). hardly in this report we will discuss merely two of them.Lewins Three-Step Change ModelChange involves a sequence of organizational processes that occurs over time. Lewin (1951) suggests this three step process. These steps mostly involve cut back the forces acting to keep the organization in its electric current condition.UnfreezingMovingRefreezingFigure 4 Three step modelUnfreezingThis is the first step which is courtly by introducing new information that points out failure in the current state. Crises often arouse unfreezing. This crisis can be due to increase in employee, demographic shifts, and an unexpected strike. This is not necessary that during unfreezing crisis always occur. For determining riddle creating zones in organizations financial data, climate analysis and enrollment projections can b e used.MovingOnce the organization is unfrozen, it can be changed by moving. This step generally involves the change in structure, development of new standards, attitudes, and behaviors. Some changes may be minor and involve a few members.RefreezingThe final step is refreezing which involves stabilizing the change. In this step mostly the changes in organizations policy, organizational culture, or modification in organizational structure often accomplishes.Kotters Eight-Step ModelJohn Kotter (1996) of Harvard University developed a more detailed approach for managing change which was ground on Lewins three-step change model.the steps involved in this model are given below.Establish a sense of urgency Unfreeze the organization by creating a convincing reason for changeCreate the control coalition Create a cross-functional, cross-level group of people with enough force to lead the change.Develop a vision and strategy Create a vision and strategic plan to guide the change process sa y the change vision Create and implement a confabulation strategy that consistently communicates the new vision and strategic planEmpower broad-based action Eliminate barriers to change, and use target elements of change to transform the organization. Encourage danger taking and creative problem solving.Generate niggling-term wins Plan for and create short-term wins or improvements. Recognize and come back people who contri alonee to the wins unite gains and produce The guiding coalition uses credibility from short-term wins to create more change. Additional people are brought into the change process as change cascades throughout the organization. Attempts are do to reinvigorate the change process. lynchpin new approaches in the culture Reinforce the changes by highlighting connections in the midst of new behaviors and processes and organizational success. Develop methods to ensure leadership development and succession.Types of ChangeChange can be categorized into four categor ies, structural change, cost change, process change, and cultural change.Structural change occurs when there is an alteration to the conjunctions organizational structure. This reorganization may occur due to a merger. For instance, an organization that is design on increasing its innovation may reorganize its traditional functional structure into a more flexible matrix structure that uses gauzy, self-managed teams. Or, an organization that is expanding into new markets may adopt a divisional structure in which different geographic locations operate nearly independently of one another.monetary value changes are those that occur when an organization attempts to reduce costs in order to improve efficiency or performance. Major adjustments may be do to departments to cut costs reducing budgets, laying off employees in purposeless positions, and eliminating nonessential activities may all be a result of cost change.Process changes are implemented to improve efficiency or lastingne ss of organizational procedures. This may occur in production settings there may be changes to how a product is created, assembled, packaged, or shipped. Or, in a returns organization, there may be changes to the procedures used to accomplish work new computer systems may create the need to change how paperwork is completed, or a new manager may modify the process used to underwrite customer complaints.Cultural changes are the least tangible of all the types of change, but they can be the most difficult. An organizations culture is its shared set of assumptions, values, and beliefs. A prototypical culture is the very bureaucratic, top-down style in which perceptual constancy and standard processes are valued. When such an organization tries to adopt a more participative, involved style, this requires a shift in many organizational activities. Primarily, manager-employee dealings are altered with a change in culture.IMPLEMENTING CHANGEManagement must take a number of steps for th e proper implementation of change. The first step in implementing change involves people of higher management and executives. For instance, in an organization new computer system is to be installed in all its areas. Then they major personal are not and top management but also lower-level managers who supervise the employees for the use of the new technology. A different set of key people would be involved in a cost-cutting change. If the confederacy is reducing its operating budget in a specific division, the managers of that division and also human resources force should be involved. The human resource department is involved if there is change to personnel policies or in which demotions, transfers.After key personnel have been set and properly involved, the second step in implementing change is to develop a plan for effective transformation. The plan should help to define the responsibilities of the key people involved. Also set short-term and long-term objectives for the chang es. Because change can be unpredictable, the plan should also be flexible enough to accommodate new occurrences.The third step in implementing change is to support the plan. This involves the management. This key step involves facilitating employees to accept the change. The organization should provide the basic support to the employees like training, reward system etc. if organization does not provide this kind of support there are chance for the failure of the planChange process is the final step of booming change implementation. Communicating with the employee about the change and its importance will be very helpful through out the process. As we know that change can create fear in employees and to relax them increased communication can help a lot. Managers should carefully listen to all their question and their advises to overcome their fear. Creating opportunities for employee feedback, such as place meetings or having an open-door management policy may facilitate change more successfully. (Wendy H. Mason ,2003)Abrahamson (2000) gave the view of Change without Pain. The main theme in this article was change must take place, but change does not always have to be disturbing to the organization. The author believes companies should intersperse major change initiatives among carefully paced periods of smaller, organic change, using processes. The author calls this tinkering and kludging. By placing small changes among large changes, companies can manage change through dynamic stability. self-propelling stability is a process of continual but relatively small change efforts that involve the reconfiguration of existing practices and business models rather than create new ones The goal of dynamic stability is to create a change which can be sustained long term, not just in the short term. To achieve dynamic stability the big and small changes must be done at the right time, at the right pace and the organization must tinker and kludge. Tinkering is taking a current process and making small changes to it. This is done at a low cost to the caller and the results are often very quick. Kludging, on the other hand, is tinkering but on a larger scale. Kludging looks at outside resources for improved parts or processes and looks at the unused resources within the caller-up. Many companies do not crystalise they have resources not being used because the processes using the resources are to wordy to fully utilize the capacity of the resource.CASE STUDYThis case study was based on a company called Trail Manufacturing which produces cable unfold components. This study was done by Chew(1990).The company was a mid-sized company set up to run high volume jobs on manual equipment. But with todays economy and competition, Trail sterilized the best money was in low volume jobs. The President of Trail decided to make in new technology to replace the old machines. He researched the new machines and decided to bring in eight flexible manufacturing carrells which would replace twenty-eight old half a dozen-spindle make love machines. Since this was new technology and training would be needed a plan was laid out to set up teams, one for each cell, and the company would phase in the new machines. Each team would be prepare and then they would construct and run their own cell. Once one cell was on-line a new cell team would start up until all eight cells were on-line. The first five teams went through the process fine, but at team six the company had a problem. Team six consisted of men who had been at the company many years. The team went to the president and told him they refused to shift over to the new machines. They felt the old machines were running fine and the new machines did not show the expected improvements, so they wanted to continue work on three six-spindle screw machines. At this point the president had to determine if he wanted to keep going with the project or alter it to keep some of the old machines. So me management personnel felt that if the new cells were going to work, a clean break had to be make from the old machines. Others felt that since the productivity gains were not being seen yet by the new cells, the possibility of keeping the old machines for a short time might be a good idea. The case ends without a close being made by the company. Four experts in operations management give their opinions on the situation. Only one out of the four said the company should continue on with the original plan and if the members of team six leave the company then it is the price to be paid for progress. The other three are quick to point out the president made a persecute assumption in the planning. He assumed that by bringing in new technology productivity would improve. This is a wrong assumption because technology is only as good as the company and how the company works. One of the experts points out truly understanding how the whole system plays together, and not just implementing the latest technique, means bridging the gap between the emotional and the technical. The president did not see that by bringing in new technology it would change the culture of the shop floor. Men who had years of experience on the old machines and were in seniority would be at the equivalent level or lower than the younger more computer literate person employees. This would be a big culture change for the employees. Most of the experts suggested deceleration down the remainder of the cell startups and specifically addressing the concerns of the men on team six. If team sixs concerns are not addressed there could be more problems with the rest of the teams. This article showed a good picture of how a company has to go about major changes, especially ones affecting the culture of the company. The expert opinions enhanced the article and I would highly recommend this article because it is an example of a case that is played out in companies all over. demonstrationToday change is t he necessary of survival and a way of carrying out your business. EveryOrganization or firms should under go change with the exit of time otherwise will survive. This change along its success also brings fear of employees to come out of their comfort zones to uncomfortable zone.this leads to resistance to change. How efficaciously and efficiently the top management and leadership within the organization address these issues and how well are they prepare to handle the resistance will decide the faith of the organization and its success in implementing change. The importance of good communication system and the role it plays in make change process mobile and less painful can not be undermined.RECOMMENDATIONSFollowing are some recommendations.Managers should improve their interpersonal and communication skills so that they could help their provide overcome the pains associated with change.Tell people the truth and give as much information as you can. Keep giving information as soon as possible.Give them time to digest the news.Give them time to vent there might be anger because this is normal reaction. listen to staff and their concerns dont interrupt them so they can reduce their fear.REFRENCESAbrahamson, E. (2000). Change Without Pain. Harvard demarcation Review, 75-79.Chew, W. (1990). The Case of the Machinists Mutiny. Harvard Business Review, 4-8.)Dent, Eric B., and Susan Galloway Goldberg. Challenging Resistance to Change. Journal of Applied behavioral Science (March 1999) 25.Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Cambridge, MA Harvard Business School PressLewin, K. (1951). business line theory in social science. New York, NY Harper Row.Oliver Recklies Managing Change interpretation und Phases in Change Processes www.themanager.org/strategy/change_phases.htm. (accessed on 12 of November)Supreet Ahluwalia and Vivek Joshi (2008)managing Change in an Organization. http//www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC707/fc707.html (accessed on 13 of November)Wendy H. Mason (2003) ManagingChangewww.referenceforbusiness.com (accessed on 12 of November)

Interpersonal Skills Needed by Business Managers

Interpersonal Skills call for by Business ManagersIn modern corporations, task jitneys desire to bankrupt confirmatory and effective interaction with their employees. In order to build up successful family relationship with subordinates, managers need to improve their interpersonal skills. This paper sets prohibited to analyse three different interpersonal skills postulate by stemma managers looking others, exploitation and swearing rapport, listening and presenting feedback to others. And it seems that listening and presenting feedback is the roughly pregnant unitary. inceptionIn recent years, there has been a great deal of intervention about interpersonal skills of avocation managers. For air managers, they always lock with mass who strive different backgrounds, and whether they go off maintain successful interaction with their employees, to a certain degree, depends on their effective interpersonal skills. In modern society, it is material difficult for fe ar managers who cannot relate with others to achieve succeed. (Fandt 1994) In modern corporations, domineering relationships atomic number 18 of great importance in earning high degrees of job satisfaction. If employees own a good feeling about their jobs, they pass on be more than presumable to do their job well in addition, they be able to hand their tasks in high-quality environment. The research of service-profit chain(Heskett et al. 1994 Heskett, Sasser, and Schlesinger 1997 cited in Tews Tracey 2009, p.245) which analyses how companies achieve and maintain large(p) performance mentions that internal service quality, such as the way nation work with each other, moves employees to feel more satisfied about their working(a)s environment. (Tews Tracey 2009) On the contrary, if a melody manager lacks interpersonal skills, they testament specialise the performance of employees. For example, employees who ar belike to be passive, lack creativity, and depend exc essively much on others ideas and instructions results in working with the managers who lacks interpersonal skills. (Fandt 1994) Therefore, it is one of the most basic priorities for business managers to improve their ability of interpersonal skills. The interpersonal skills needed by business managers can be seen as the content to be a facilitator-to foster a collective effect puzzle along with peers, subordinates, and superiors and manage interactions with other. (Fandt 1994)This paper get out analyse the following interpersonal skills (1) apprehension others, (2) growth and maintaining rapport, (3) listening and presenting feedback to others. Moreover, it will be argued that listening and presenting feedback to others is the most significant interpersonal skill among the three skills needed by business managers.Understanding othersSome social psychologists have recognised that making efforts to chthonicstand the inner world of others is an extremely honey oil feature of hu man interaction. This is be construct rendition how to unaffixed up a conversation with others, how to respond to what others say are built up on the level of taking into custody of others. (Guirdham 1996)For business managers, intellectual others is to a fault of great significance. The survey (Heller Porter 1996 cited in Guirdham 1996, p. 147) of 150 US and UK executives found that the ability to understand multitude was ranged as the top of a list of 16 skills of management. This is because other skills such as dialogue, persuading, and team work are based on a basic priority of perceptiveness what others do and say. (Guirdham 1996)In addition, business managers need to interpret others also because people are differing from each other and the managers should not treat everybody alike. Fiedler (1964) as cited in Guirdham (1996) suggests that a leader who can distinguish among their followers is more likely to be succeed than those who cannot. Taking the captains of bask etball teams as an example, Fielder (1964) as cited in Guirdham (1996) found that the leader of the losing team seemed to find the differences among his players from a large perspective, however, the captain of winning team knew who dribbled well, who shot well, who played well under pressure, and so on. Willard E. and Robert W. (1951) also mentioned that the more you are able to fill in the differences among your men, the break up you will be able to understand and swear out them. For instance, there was a business manager who interpreted his subordinates by making notes in list cards. He picked up slightly information such as the birthday, discipline of his employees, names of the subordinates wife and children, the employees hobbies, ages, and even interests. By doing that, the manager could remember some individual characteristics of his employees which would play a key role in lecture with each other much easier and distinguishing the employees bettor. In a word, succe ssful business managers tend to have the capacity to perceive differences among their employees. (Guirdham 1996)Furthermore, no business manager can function without comprehending and understanding individuals who work with him. The performances of a leader will be affected by what he knows of his followers. A manager whitethorn always study the behaviours of his subordinates in order to avoid lacking assurance or discord. (Parker Kleemeier 1951)Finally, understanding the subordinates will alleviate the business managers match their employees mighty with the right work. If a person who lacks sufficient abilities probably will yield in finishing his job. And as a result, he will be more likely to become frustrated and disappointed. On the other hand, employees who are over-qualified tend to become bored with their simple work. Thus, it is essential for the managers to understanding their employees better in order to match them with the right work. (Parker Kleemeier 1951)Develop ing and maintaining rapport ringing can be seen as the quality of the relationship in describing the interactions surrounded by psychotherapists and their clients (Gfeller, Lynn, and Pribble 1987 cited in Gremler Gwinner 2000, p.83), as the quality of a relationship characterized by satisfactory communication and mutual understanding in investigating college roommate relationships (Carey et al. 1988 cited in Gremler Gwinner 2000, p.83) and as a quality in the relation or connection mingled with interactants , especially relations marked by harmony, conformity , accord, and affinity (Bernieri et al. 1996 cited in Gremler Gwinner 2000, p.83).In terms of the relationship between business managers and their subordinates, rapport federal agency the enjoyable interactions which will be established when the business managers tend to open to others with a friendly manner, display the interests in their employees, use the sense of modality to reduce tensions, demonstrate that the mana gers have the sensitivity of the needs and feelings of their subordinates. (Fandt 1994) For business managers, pay backing and delaying rapport with their employees will jockstrap them build up pledge to deal with problems in an appropriate way, encourage them to share their helpful ideas with the employees, bring forward the cooperation between leaders and followers, and bring themselves and their subordinates into harmony by reducing the surmise of the grievances and dissolute conflicts (Filley 1975).Grievances and disruptive conflicts (Filley 1975) seem to be the two main aspects which are result in failing in maintaining rapport in working environment. Firstly, a grievance can be described as the resentments of a person which is possible to contri bute to adverse effects on subordinates positioning toward their job, their manager even the whole company. The quality of work will be suffered severely and the morale of the employees will be lowered when employees have a gri evance. In addition, the relationship between managers and their employees is also likely to be tensional because of the existence of grievance.Secondly, according to Filley (1975), conflict is divided into two different kind-hearteds matched conflicts and disruptive conflicts, and to a certain extent, disruptive conflicts are likely to cause damage to harboring rapport. It will bring tension between business managers and their followers. Moreover, it seems to seduce negative feelings between leaders and subordinates which will contribute to a kvetching atmosphere in work. (Quinn, Faerman, Thompson and McGrath 1996) According to the above-mentioned, it is clear that for business managers, developing and keeping rapport is of huge significance in order to create enjoyable interactions between leaders and their subordinates and avoid grievances and disruptive conflicts(Filley 1975).Listening and presenting feedback to othersThe centre of listening is not the same as hearing. Lis tening is an intellectual and randy process in which you use all resources at hand to understand the meaning of a message. (Fandt 1994) Thus, to a certain extent, listening is a brooding activity. An effective listener should not only hear something form others, but also include keeping appropriate eye contact, observing the surreptitious stories, exploring the words that have been spoken, and understanding the body language of the speaker. (Fandt 1994)For business managers, in order to be a good listener, they should attempt to use empathy (Quinn, Faerman, Thompson and McGrath 1996) which doer feeling others inner world and experiencing others thoughts instead of directly controlling others thoughts. For example, when the averment of a subordinate is not accurate, the manager should not interrupt him and keep listen to him to the end. And after that, the manager can ask some open-ended questions like How did you feel when that happened. This kind of listening behaviour may hel p managers understand the inner thoughts and feelings of the subordinate.In addition, it will also be honorable to save time because of the less of interruption and repetition. However, if a manager experiences a subordinates inner world excessively, the subordinate may feel uncomfortable, and as a result, the manager cannot understand the speaker deeply. (Quinn, Faerman, Thompson and McGrath 1996)It is also of great importance that dapple listening to the subordinates, the business managers should present some feedback to them. Fandt (1994) mentions that appropriate feedback given by managers will help the subordinates promote, correct, and obtain a greater achievement. For instance, some business managers present feedback as I think you handled the customer complaints very professionally and I appreciate your error-free report (Fandt 1994). This kind of feedback shows subordinates that the managers understand what they are doing, recognize and appreciate their performances, as a result, the subordinates tend to continue to perform well. (Fandt 1994)In most cases, business managers attempt to give critical feedback to their employees. In other word, managers not only present some negative feedback but also give some negative feedback. However, according to Fandt (1994), it is more considerable to give incontrovertible feedback than negative feedback. That is because most employees feel difficult to hear and bear negative feedback. For example, punishment, blame, and wrongly chiding seem to be the most common kinds of negative feedback which will decrease the inspiration of employees because of the feeling of tension. Furthermore, punishment, blame, and wrongly criticism also tend to reduce the capacity of doing jobs of employees because they are likely to be defeated by them.On the other hand, giving some positive feedback such as praise can inspire employees to a greater achievement. Parker and Kleemeier (1951) states all men will work hard to gain w onderment and praise from others. It is for the reason that praise is one of the strongest motivating forces at the supervisors command. If an employee gets positive feedback such as praise from the manager, he will desire to accomplish his work better and show great cooperation. (Parker and Kleemeier 1951) Moreover, although some employees may require some mistakes during their work, the manager also should point out what they have make is right, and as a result, employees will be more likely to have more confidence to correct their performances.DiscussionComparing to the three interpersonal skills needed by business managers, listening and presenting feedback seems to be the most significant one. That is because understanding others and keeping rapport in working atmosphere are based on listening and giving feedback to others.Firstly, managers tend to show their understanding of the subordinates through listening and presenting some feedback. As Parker and Kleemeier (1951) point out about all supervisors who really understand their men eventually learn to be good listeners. Successful managers attempt to study the attitudes of their employees, to observe what the employees really are sentiment about through listening to them. After listening to them, managers can present some feedback to show the employees that the managers can understand what they are thinking about and what they really want.Secondly, listening and showing feedback to others will also help business managers to select the right man to do appropriate work. If a manager desire to select employees the most common way to do that is interviewing. During the interviewing, the managers may always ask some open-ended questions and then they keep the interviewees talking about it. The only job of the interviewers is listening and giving feedback at the end of the interview. This kind of activity will be more likely to help managers make the accurate choice and understand the interviewees better.F inally, the possibility of grievances and disruptive conflicts (Filley 1975) seems to be reduced by listening and presenting feedback. For instance, some employees may complain that they are treated unfairly. For an experienced manager, the best way to deal with this kind of problem is to listen to their complaints to find some hidden problems of the employees even the company. In addition, they present some feedback to show that they have understood the problem and will take actions to cope with it. As a result, the managers can develop and maintain rapport in the working environment. (Parker Kleemeier 1951)ConclusionIn conclusion, a utter(a) business manager should maintain successful interaction with their employees. Furthermore, to become a successful manager, people should be skilled in outstanding interpersonal behaviours which will not only develop the level of self-awareness but also promote the level of prestige. This essay has analysed three different interpersonal skill s needed by business managers including understanding others, developing and maintaining rapport, and listening and presenting feedback to others.For business managers, firstly, understanding their employees can promote the capacity of distinguish people from different backgrounds, help them interpret what their employees feelings and match their employees appropriately with the right job. Secondly, it is also beneficial to develop and keep rapport. Most of people would like to work in a positive place where there are less grievances and disruptive conflicts (Filley 1975). If a manager can keep rapport in a company, he will be more likely to build up cooperation relationship with his subordinates and become more successful. Finally, listening and presenting feedback to employees can make the employees feel that their managers chafe about them, and understand them. So that managers may earn the respect of their employees which will develop the efficiency of their work.In addition, l istening and presenting feedback might be the most significant ability among the three interpersonal skills needed by business managers. Because it seems as the foundation of other interpersonal skills and business managers should concentrate on develop the capacity of listening and presenting feedback to their subordinates firstly.

General Overview Of Ecommerce Information Technology Essay

General Overview Of E line Information Technology EssayElectronic art is the term used for both type of calling or mercenary transaction that involves the transfer of products, serve and randomness over electronic systems much(prenominal) as the internet and some other computer networks. The trader and customer atomic get along 18 not look to face at any point during these transactions, the fear being conducted remotely, regardless of location.E-commerce covers a range of different types of stage businesses, from consumer based retail sites, through auction or music sites, to business exchanges trading goods and helpings between corporations. It is one of the to the highest degree important aspects of the Internet to emerge. Al close to on the whole big retailers be enter on the World Wide Web.Although some electronic commerce involves the physical transportation of items in one route or another, a large percentage of e-commerce is conducted entirely electronica lly for virtual(prenominal) items, such as access to certain information on a website, purchasing softwargon product or other on-line service.E-business is a superset of e-commerce1, as it is full generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. The financing and payment aspects of business transactions are facilitated by the exchange of data.E-commerce stop be in general divided into Business-to-Business electronic commerce (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer electronic commerce (B2C). B2B implies that both give awayers (suppliers) and buyers are business corporations, while B2C implies that buyers are individual consumers.Business-to-business e-commerce differs signifi locoweedtly from business-to-consumer e-commerce. Most B2B commerce is done through negotiated contracts which allow the seller to anticipate and plan for touchstone a buyer will purchase while B2C merchants, on the other hand, sell on a first off-come, first serve basis.1.1.1. B2B e-commerceB2B e-commerc e does not more(prenominal)over consist of the transaction via the Internet, but too the exchange of information to begin with and the service after a transaction. From the purchasing companys point of view, B2B e-commerce is a intermediate for facilitating procurement management by reducing the purchase price and the troll season.2The key players in a B2B e-commerce transaction usually include sell and buying companies, deliverers, and often some type of electronic intermediaries, or third-party service providers. This type of business transaction may take galore(postnominal) forms, still roughly fall into three categories. They classified depending on who controls the merchandiseplace the supplier, the buyer or the intermediary(a) In a Supplier-Oriented Marketplace many buyers face few suppliers.(b) In a Buyer-Orientated Marketplace few buyers face many suppliers.(c) In an Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace many buyers face many suppliers.A) Supplier-Oriented Marketplac eIn a Supplier-Oriented Marketplace customers are offered a wide variety of products and services which go them in their own businesses. The markets involve property, exchanges, auctions and bid systems. Suppliers are offered brand- bran-new market channels in marketing and distribution by apply Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces, as products may be sold presently to customers without the use of intermediaries. in(predicate) practices of this type of business feigning are Dell and Cisco.3Both companies sell their products via the internet. However, there are thousands of other companies that use the Supplier-Oriented model as healthful.Ciscos mainly provides electronic support victimization the internet. Its main practical applications include software downloads, injury tracking and technical advice. Cisco also sells routers, switches and other network interconnect devices. Since the company first began providing electronic support online in 1994 its productivity had increas e by about 200 to 300 percent per year. What is more, the online technical support made it possible for Cisco to reduce technical support provide costs by approximately US $125 million. The internet produce Center also allows its customers to purchase any product over the internet, economic system time for both Cisco and its customers.Cisco has estimated that by putting its application online, the company saves over US $360 million per year as a result of almost completely eliminating distribution, packaging, duplication and printing costs.B) Buyer-Oriented MarketplaceWhen using a Supplier-Oriented Marketplace, buyers have to search electronic hive aways and malls to find and compare suppliers and producers. As this could be a very costly and time consuming mental bidding for buyers, especially those who purchase thousands of items over the internet, they prefer to open their own marketplace, which is cognize as a Buyer-Oriented Marketplace.4An character of such a marketplac e is GEs electronic bidding site which boosts the companys purchasing process.5These types of bidding sites allow suppliers to download drop information from the internet and submit bids for projects. Buyers can more easily pass judgment a suppliers bid and thus may negotiate electronically. As a result, a buyer will accept a bid that trump out meets their requirements. By doing so, they can identify and build partnerships with suppliers valetwide. Their specifications and information can be rapidly distributed to suppliers and consequently, bids are quickly received and compared from a large number of suppliers as to negotiate better prices.C) Intermediary-Oriented MarketplaceThe Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace, as its name suggests, is found by an intermediary company which runs a marketplace where business buyers and sellers can meet. in that location are two types of such business models flat and upright marketplaces. While vertical marketplaces concentrate on one indus trial sphere, horizontal marketplaces offer services to all industrial sectors.The Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace is a torpid business platform which offers classical economical functions of a usual market the only difference is that the participants are not physically present. This business model contains catalogues which present information on products and prices. Consequently, the marketplace makes possible the comparisons and the transparency of the products. much(prenominal) marketplaces can also offer auctions, which can be organized by sellers (where products are sold) or by buyers (in this case, orders are sold). In addition, electronic functions are offered so as participants can negotiate in real time.6An example of an Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace is Buzzsaw7which is a vertical electronic marketplace which concentrates on the grammatical construction industry. A construction project involves many different parties, such as create contractors, builders, architec ts, merchants and the owner of the building many of which are regional sellers. The software that Buzzsaw offers can improve the planning process as well as the communication between the parties involved. Alongside the software, detailed information about the building industry is provided, such as news affecting the building sector or a local weather forecast. Given that the marketplace also provides the option to do business, all relevant products for the building industry can be traded. The Web site also offers search engines so as to find wanted products and buyers and sellers can insert offers and requests on the marketplace.1.1.2. B2C e-commerceB2C e-commerce is basically a concept of online marketing and distributing of products and services over the internet. Many businesses prefer this mode because they can reach more customers, service them better and make more sales while spending less to do so. For the consumer, it is relatively aristocratic to appreciate the importance of e-commerce. Many prefer not to waste time fighting the very crowded supermarkets, and shop on-line at any time in virtual Internet shopping malls, and have the goods delivered crime syndicate now, all from the comfort of their own homes.B2C e-commerce is conducted essentially by three types of business models8(a) Direct Sellers are online retailers that sell directly to customers only over the Internet. There are two types of direct sellers e-tailers and manufactures.E-tailers, such as Amazon.com, ship the products directly to the consumer, wholesaler or manufacturer for delivery, upon receiving an order. They do not have handed-down stores that customers can visit and they do not sell offline.Manufacturers, sell to consumers directly via the internet. They remove intermediaries and establish a direct relationship with the customer. These types of retailers are present on the Web as well as have traditional stores or sell offline through catalogues or mail-order. They are cal led brick-and morter retail businesses because they are merchants with multi-channel distributions supported by online stores. This process has been used for years, for example, catalogue companies such as Dell.com.(b) Online Intermediaries are companies that bring together sellers and buyers to complete a business transaction, in exchange for a percentage of the transactions value. Presently, these types of businesses make up the largest social class of B2C companies. There are two types of online intermediaries brokers and informediaries.Brokers facilitate transactions between sellers and buyers online. Orbitz.com is an example of a popular B2C online broker, which acts an intermediary between a consumer and multiple suppliers of skyway carriers, hotel chains, automobile rentals, and other such companies.Informediary is a non-biased intermediary between those who cede information and those who want it. It can be any business that provides information based products and services within a supply chain. For example, an informediary may gather, store and sell information about a Web site. The information is considered to be valuable to organizations for target marketing, price setting, negotiations, advertising and market research.(c) A adit provides the means of electronic access to Web content, resources and services. A portal typically has a search engine which is the central point to the services provided. The most popular search portal Web sites are Google.com, Yahoo.com and MSN.com. They have a large number of consumers and businesses utilizing their services each day around the world. new(prenominal) services included on these types of websites include e-mail, chat as well as news and entertainment links.1.2. A Brief History of E-commerceE-commerce and its mean have changed a lot over the past 40 years. At first, the term e-commerce meant the performance of commercial transactions electronically, using Electronic entropy Interchange (EDI) and Elect ronic Funds Transfer (EFT), the electronic exchange of business documents and information form one computer to another. EDI originated in the mid sixties and by the mid 1970s was formalized by the Accredited Standards Committee.9The new technology allowed business companies and organizations to send commercial documentation electronically, such as purchase orders or invoices.It was in 1991 that E-commerce became possible, when the internet was opened to commercial use. Since then, e-commerce has experience a rapid intensification thousands of businesses have started online companies and provide online services. Although, it wasnt until 1994 that the internet began to gain popularity among the general public, and by the year 2000 a large number of companies from around the world had already started to offer their services on the World Wide Web. By then, people had given another meaning to electronic commerce the process of purchasing goods and services over the internet using elect ronic communication.10Among the first internet company to allow electronic transactions, Amazon and E-bay are the most notable as they continue to be successful to this day. According to battlefield conducted by internetretailer.com in 2009, the top 10 most famous oecumenical internet retailers are Amazon, Otto, Staples, Office Depot, Dell, Arcandor, Hewlett Packard, Tesco, OfficeMax and Apple.11According to all-rankings.com, the top ten most purchased products online are travel tickets, holidays, books, concert/theatre/festival tickets, clothes, electrical goods, CDs, picture palace tickets, DVDs and music downloads.12

Movement in an Idealized Dam-break Configuration

doing in an Idealized Dam-break ConfigurationFor doing the research of the fluid dynamics with the exonerated channel feed in, to derive and understanding different waftures comp ars in partial prototypic derivative likeness with conservation contrive such as the pellucid concern convection estimation and the explicit leeward convection nearness in different condition. laborious to substitutive the values into the equations to derive the appropriate regularity base on the finite- playscript method in the fluid dynamics and utilize the softw ar to sum up the flux and the stability which willing depend on the direction of the wave and must be under the distance travel must non exceed the step way condition.The aim is staring to go by dint of the details of the equations, get the brand new Flux functions which c whollyed lax Wendorff burgers equation fascinate and Dam break scheme, based on those approximation to enumerate the wave direction, wave speed, height, density and momentum in the certain and gross clock time for the urine wave and at different conditions property and combinations. move the values to get the approximate results with those two methods and comp ar with each other. mend the appropriate graphs.AbstractThe purpose of this study is to model the head for the hills faecal matter in an idealized dike-break configuration. One-dimensional motion of a shallow flow over a rigid inclined bed is con nervered. The resulting shallow water equations ar solved by finite volumes using the Lax-Wendroff schemes. At first, the analogue model is considered in the development process. With conservative finite volume method, separate is applied to manage the combination of high-flown termination and source term of the shallow water equation and then to promote 1D. The simulations are formalise by the comparison with flume experiments. Unsteady dam-break flow movement is imbed to be reasonably well captured by the model. The pr oposed concept could be shape up developed to the numerical calculation of non-Newtonian fluid or multilayers fluid flow. both the calculations, data and graphs represent are all through MATLAB programming with an soul code and all the units and symbols were labeled in the code.A. Units and constant for the approximationsEquations Theory overtone DifferentialsPartial differential equations are complicated method to solve as they contain more than than one variable and instead are employ toDescribe problems involving the parameters in use which apprise be solved using the variation of schemes. They describe the certain rate of change of variables which are related to to each other, in this project, the first convection are the wave equation in conservation form which are to approximate the velocity of the flow in different directions and the flux approximation with changing time. Two different methods are considered which are the explicit upwind convection approximation and e xplicit centered convection approximation respectively.When dt = 0 and dx = 0,Discretization schemasExplicit centered convection approximation and explicit upwind convection approximation, these methods accommodate finite volume method which approximating the variables around discrete nodes with dissected into as well many small elements that are approximated.Finite-Difference ApproximationFinite-difference approximations are one of the around derivative methods for solving differential equations. The system can approximate the answer with the essential demarcation and initial conditions imposed, providing an accurate solution for the former limitless equation. They are of particular use in aerodynamics as their time and space dependent nature lends itself to computing shock wave extension phone or other energy transfer flows.Their approach uses discretization to approximate the differential, by applying a finite power system, of points at which the variables are estimated, with the process continuing as the local points govern their approximation values from the neighboring nodes. Iterative approximation in this manner produces an obvious error, known as the discretization or brusqueness error, diverging from the true value. The key to the principle is, like anything, minimizing this error in the system. Monitoring this error then is something of paramount importance and through the capital punishment of the Taylor Series.In addition, thither are three critical properties that any approximation of a partial differential should of importtain, which are consistency, stability and convergence.Forward-Time, Backward-Space SchemeThe form of approximation method is a backward, explicit, hyperbolic system which means that at the next set of results are only calculated from the nodes immediately crapper them geometrically, in relation to their pervious counterparts, for examples,When dt = 0 and dx = 0,This also gives the system an congenital advantage as this encourages convergence, through the fact that the approximation method has a domain of dependence which are include the initial data, shared by the partial differential at t = 0, only apply on the first set of data.Also, further information gathered from the equation itself shows is a first order method and most suitable to simple differential approximations.Lax SchemeThis kind of approximations are most likely the previous is explicit hyperbolic in nature, however, it is a scheme which to demonstrated that all the velocity of the water flow terms are either side of and is first order accurate for u, and also approximate the accuracy for x.When dt = 0 and dx = 0,Moreover, the stability of the method has to be considered as the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition is a necessary condition for convergence while solving certain partial differential equations usually hyperbolic numerically by the method of finite differences. It arises in the numerical analysis of explicit ti me integration schemes, when these are utilise for the numerical solution. As a consequence, the time step must be less than a certain time in many explicit time-marching computer simulations, otherwise the simulation will produce incorrect results.Lax-Wendroff SchemeThis scheme is a common numerical method for the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations like the previous schemes which are based on the finite differences to accurate for both space and time apparently. There are two different cases are going to consider and approximate which are the 1st for the linear case, while, where a is a constant which to deposit the direction of the flow and u is the wave speed, when, the flow is to the right, and to the left when a is negative. As two different approximations have considered, for the centered methodFor the upwind method Or Or And for the Lax-Wendroff in first-orderPredictor,Corrector,For the 2nd case, Centered methodFor the upwind method Or Or And for the Lax -Wendroff in first-orderPredictor,Corrector,Calculate for the fractional grid points and time move approximation as different predictors first and then recalculate the scheme by the value of half grid points and time steps into same Corrector which putting a two steps approximation rather than a single step to make it more accurate. This is a feature unique for the Lax-Wendroff method. Also, the stability of CFL condition is the same as the previous scheme.Taylor SeriesThe Taylor series is a form of evaluating and representing partial differentials, as an infinite sum of its terms at a single point, in form of series expansion. The use of the series has many applications in engineering, with its main being the approximation of functions through the expansion to the necessary number of terms. by dint of collating the appropriate number of terms and then truncating the series a logical approximation of the function can be made. The act of truncating the series generates an error, although as the expansion continues the effect of each term dwindles, a characteristic that allows the shortness after a certain term number. The truncation error can also be computed and gives an indication as to the validity and performance of the initial approximation made using the series expansion.B. Dam break schmeThe simplest situations will first be considered, of mass, momentum and energy conservation laws in original form, so stripped of all energy-diffusing terms, such as bed position , resistance, change of section.Governing EquationsThe mass entering t element in time dt isWhile the amount leaving isFor the massFor the momentumFor the simplest case, X1 word forms and Tables fingerbreadth 1 find 1 shows the relationship of the velocity against the postion of the flow in linear first-order which (f = a*u) , where a is 1, Lax-Wendroff is used for approximation, and it shows a steady flow with a certain time and positions with the input data, there are 50 nodes in total and the grid spacing are 400 as the detla time was 0.0015s, so the grid spacing should have to take a really large value to maintain the CFL.Figure 2Figure 2 shows the relationship of the velocity against the postion of the flow in non-linear first-order which (f = u2/2), Lax-Wendroff is used for approximation, and it shows a steady flow with a certain time and positions with the input data, there are 50 nodes in total and the grid spacing are 30 as the detla time was 0.0015s, the grid spacing take a really smaller value to maintain the CFL.Figure 3Figure 4Figure 3 Figure 4 shows the relationship amid the height against the spacing and the momentum against the spacing respectively, dam break scheme is used with base on a Lax-Wendroff approximation and for Figure 3, the tally time is 10 seconds which is shorter then Figure 4 and the depth of the dam wall sets as 0.2m and break at 30m while Figure 4 sets as 0.5m depth and break at 50m. As the results show, the longer trial time it takes, the stability and convergence of the approximation comes out. Also, both of the results withdraw the frontier which take an error while plot graph. So, a function for boundary condition has to be considered as well. ReferencesGuymon, Gary L. A Finite Element dissolver Of The One-Dimensional Diffusion-Convection Equation. Water Resources Research 6.1 (1970) 204-210. Web.

Impact Of Ocean Acidification On Marine Life Environmental Sciences Essay

Imp spiel Of naval Acidification On Marine Life Environmental Sciences EssayOne of the primary(prenominal) issues with ocean acidification is the impact that it go away countenance on marine organisms e rattlingplace the coming social classs, and whether or not they ar able to adapt to the more virulent waters?The impact upon any(prenominal) marine species whitethorn compel more of a problem if they play an important role in the victuals chain, and and then may eventually affect humans as fish are the main food bug for nigh communities just about the world.Research into marine acidification has found that certain organisms experience reduced calcification or enhanced dissolution when they are exposed to elevated CO2. Many organisms blaspheme on the seas current pH in order to survive. The major benthic calcifying organisms on red red precious coral take downs are the corals, calcifying macroalgae, benthic foraminifera, molluscs, and echinoderms. Corals typi cally live in compact colonies of many a(prenominal) identical individual polyps. Part of this group includes the reef builders, these are important because as the name suggests, they build the reefs. They secrete atomic number 20 change to form a hard skeleton and these skeletons ass be used as bio-implants for human surgery.A coral reef is a community of many species, such(prenominal) as the corals, plants, incraniates, fishes, and some some early(a) vertebrate animals, such as turtles. The leveling of the oceans pH reduces the ability of coral to erect calcium carbonate and with the conditions expected ocean acidification will compromise carbonate accretion. (Website, 2009) This causes corals to become increasingly rare on reef systems.A astronomic number of species wanton away up tropical coral reefs however coral communities in cold waters are only made up of one or two species yet provide shelter for many other marine species. (Website, 2009) With ocean acidification reducing the number of coral and as many marine species use the coral as their home and for shelter, the coral reef communities would in addition be change and become less divers(prenominal) and carbonate reef structures will fail to be maintained. (Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al, 2007)Coccolithophores are acellular algae, protists and phytoplankton and are found in large numbers throughout the control surface euphotic zone of the ocean and ocean acidification determinems to have the opposite effect on them compared with other calcifying organsims. (Website, 2010) Coccolithophores are major calcium carbonate (CaCO) producers in the worlds oceans forthwith accounting for about a third of the total marine CaCO3 production. Whereas ocean acidification reduces the calcium carbonate production in many organisms, studies have shown that it in truth causes coccolithophores to change magnitude their CaCO3 production. (website, 2005) Coccolithophores are distinguished by calcium carbonate plates which have an uncertain function and are called coccoliths calcareous nanoplankton, and these are important microfossils. (website, 2011) When coccolithophores make these plates they release carbon dioxide. Whereas some believe that because of this coccolithophores will actually conduct to the rise in CO, it is actually unclear of what affect the increase in CaCO3 production will have. This is because these organisms use CO2 during photosynthesis. It is the balance between calcification which produces carbon dioxide and the consumption of CO2 by photosynthesis that will determine whether coccolithophores act as a sink (absorbing CO2) or as a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. So the extra CO2 produced may just now be counteracted by the extra photosynthesis. (Website, 2008)An example of how ocean acidification affects certain marine species is the pteropod Limacina helicina. Their thump out is made of calcium carbonate however studies have shown that the suppress is grow ing at a slower rate due to the lowering of pH. It is anticipate that by 2100 the increase of ocean acidification will slow the development of the shell by 30%. (Website, 2009)Aside from calcification, other organisms may suffer from other adverse effect. Such as physiological or reproductive effects or they may be affected by the negative impacts on food resources. An example of a species that is directly affected by ocean acidification on the lugworm Arenicola marina. There is a simple experiment that nookie be carried out to show how pH affects the lugworm reproduction simply by keeping the lugworms in seawater of different pHs some at the current seawater pH, 8.2, some at a pH of 7.8 and some at 6.5. The results show (fig. 1) that as the pH lowers the reproduction of the lugworm is affected. The lower the pH gets the less successful fertilization is. If as predicted by 2100 and the pH of the seawater has lowered to 7.8 then the lugworms may struggle to adapt and therefore may decline in number.Brittle protagonists (Ophiothrix fragilis) may also take in a change in their reproduction as they produce fewer larvae, because they are using more energy maintaining their skeletons in more acidic seas. This has a knock on affect as the brittle star larvae are a key food source for herring. It is clear that ocean acidification in time will have an impact on food chains causing problems for many other organisms that are not at first affected by ocean acidification. It is also possible that detailed algae such as Calcidiscus leptoporus will be unable to survive. These very important algae have been declining by 1% each year some believe ocean acidification could be the cause as the tartness may make certain nutrients that the algae need less getable or that it might even promote the growth of bacteria which regaining the natural plankton growth cycle. ocean acidification also affects the navigation and communication of whales and dolphins. This is because t he seas are becoming noisier. As the acidity increases, sound travels further. Navigation is important to whales and dolphins as they use it for migration, which is important as they migrate to colder waters to consecrate and to warm waters to give birth.It is not just the organisms that live in the oceans that are being affected. Marine mammals such as polar bears, sea lions, seals, and walruses and also seabirds would see a knock on affect due to ocean acidification and the other impacts of climate change. The main issue is the effect ocean acidification has on the food chain because if one organism that is a main subtract of the food chain declines then the problem continues up the food chain. So if numbers of fish decline from a lack of food, then the birds that feed on the fish could also decline. However unlike many organisms affected by climate change, it has been discovered that seabirds can actually adapt to the changing environments. So the lower availability of their preferred prey may not be a problem as the birds seem capable of modifying their diets. (Grmillet, D. 2009)Ocean acidification will have a definite impact on marine life, as many organisms will be affected. The main issue that can be seen is the impact ocean acidification will have on the food chain, as primary producers may decline then so will the organisms that prey on them and so on as the trend continues up the food chain until it reaches the consumer. If ocean acidification continues at its current rate, by 2100 we could see a vast different in ocean ecosystems. Many species may decline as a direct result of ocean acidification, such as the coral reefs due to reduced calcification. The coral reefs form some of the most diverse ecosystems on earth therefore many other organisms would be indirectly affected by ocean acidification with the decline of corals. The coral reefs also play an important role for fisheries and fishing communities in poorer countries, a decline of the cor al reefs would see a decline in a much needed food source for many humans.

Comparing Power and Control in A Raisin In The Sun and Juno and the Pay

Power and Control in A Raisin In The Sun and Juno and the PaycockIn the ii corresponds, A Raisin In The Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and Juno and the Paycock by Sean OCasey, the commentator is presented with a definite struggle for situation among its main characters and societys ideals. These plays also hang as functions of drama, where the reader or viewer can also descry much more in the way they are portrayed by the actors and the director as well, as the boilersuit thematic plot and significance.In A Raisin In The Sun, the reader is faced with the struggle between Walter and his wife, Ruth, and his mother, Mama, for power and head of the household. In the first Act of the play Walter deliberately oversteps Ruths effectiveness just to spite her and show his power as head of the family. Travis, their parole requests fifty cents for school, and Ruth denies his request because they dont sop up the money. Walter enters and gives his son more than complete money with his l ook completely transfixed on his wife, who looks at him with maximum scorn and disapprovalTravis-she wont gimme the fifty cents...Walter-(To his wife only) Why not?Ruth-(Simply, and with flavor) Cause we dont have it.Walter-(To Ruth only) What you tell the boy things like that for? (Reaching down into his pants with a rather important gesture) Here son-(He hands the boy the coin, but his eyes are directed to his wifes. Travis takes the money happily)Travis-Thanks, Daddy. (He starts out. Ruth watches both of them with murder in her eyes. Walter stands and stares tooshie at her with defiance...(Hansberry 30-31)It is obvious that this scene was meant to be performed, with all its clear-sighted actions and expressed grievances. Here one confrontation of... ...ter to the house he retreats back to his former attempts of deception by lying to her about supposed jobs and wooden leg pains. Like in Raisin, Jack falls into a fortune which he squanders away and then later realizes he never possessed, getting into a great debt. He uses the money however to make himself head of the family, or man of the house, which ultimately falls apart. At the end of the play though, distant Raisin, he never acquires any real authority as the play ends in disarray, and he goes off to drown his sorrows at the local saloon. These two plays show dramatically the struggle for authoritative power over the characters lives, families, and societies pressures. The overall tragedy that befalls them as they are swept up in these conflicts clearly portrays the thematic plot of their common misconception for power and control over their lives.

The Cola Wars: Pepsi vs Coke Essay -- Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola

The Cola Wars Pepsi vs CokePepsiCo. Incorporated and The Coca-Cola Company be the two largest and oldest archrivals in the carbonated soft drink (CSD) fabrication. Coca-Cola was invented and first marketed in 1886, followed by Pepsi Cola in 1898. Coca-Cola was named after the coca leaves and kola zesty John Pemberton used to make it, and Pepsi Cola after the beneficial effects its creator, Caleb Bradham, claimed it had on dyspepsia. The rivalry between the soda giants, also kn consume as the Cola Wars, began in the 1960s when Coca-Colas dominance was being increasingly challenged by Pepsi Cola. The competitive environs between the rivals was intense and well-publicized, forcing both companies to continuously frame and implement strategic variations as a means to create a competitive advantage. The competition fostered and stimulated continuing growth in an industry which many predicted in the early 1970s to be on the brink of maturity. Reasons for the prediction arose from the fact that further growth of per capita consumption of soft drinks is passably static regarding how much peck are able to consume on a daily basis. Furthermore, both Pepsi Cola and Coca-Cola offered a limited issue of products that looked the same, tasted the same, and bubble into foam the same, thus questioning whether further actual growth in gross revenue was possible.Pepsi Cola and Coca-Colas marketing strategies postulate been as indistinguishable as the products themselves. Relying on colorful images, lively words, comely people, interesting bottle designs, and contagious jingles, Pepsi and Coke propelled their respective products into the American and worldwide mainstream. The changing faces of Pepsi and Cokes management, however, facilitated the brand image according to their own style and what they saw as an advantageous competitive overture. This style and approach is what makes Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola distinguishable.The objective of Coca-Colas advertisements was to strategically position their product in peoples mind in order to maximize its acceptance. This strategy would in some way or a nonher have a correlational statistics to the changing social values of the period. Trying to keep step with individually generation and era has been an important factor in advertising for Coke. It strives not to be too further behind or too far ahead of its time the product has ... ... strategies in order to increase their sales growth.The rivalry between the two soda giants required advanced strategies to be continuously implemented. The new strategies devised by Pepsi and Coke to deal with the changing environment could not have been effectively implemented without changing their distribution agreement from networks of independent bottlers to company-owned bottling systems. This transformation has been essential to both companies introduction of new products and new forms of pricing, promotion, and advertising. The U.S. Department of Justice has brought many price-fixing cases against CSD bottlers, the vast majority of which led to inculpative pleas. The FTC has conducted many investigations in the CSD industry, including investigations of horizontal and vertical acquisitions in the industry.Sources Cited1. Enrico, Roger & Kornbluth, Jesse (1986).The Other make fun Blinked. New York The Free Press.2. Coke v Pepsi, The Economist, January 29, 1994, pp. 67-68.3. http//www.pepsi.com4. http//www.coca-cola/home1.com5. PepsiCo. Inc. Annual Report Issued to commons Stock Shareholders6. The Coca-Cola Company Annual Report Issued to Common Stock Shareholders

Straight-shooting Christianity :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Straight-shooting ChristianityThe March 11, 2003 edition of USA Today reports on a sassy approach to religious faith in certain performes worship ground in the value and mores of the American West. Straight-shooting emphasis on Christianity spurs a increment trend, reads the headline (Grossman D1). A church service named, with no needed irony, Cross Trails is account to baptize new believers in an 8-foot circular, blue plastic horse boulder clay (Grossman D1). This is a trail to belief that is stripped-down, back-to-basics, a religious attitude that reflects the lives of the ranchers and farmers it appeals to. Cathy Lynn Grossman writes This is cowpoke church - straight-shooter, sinner-saved-by-grace theology throwing a rope out to the lost, the lonely and those who gigantic for an unvarnished faith. No fancy duds. No politicized preaching. No denominational hair-splitting. Its come as you are in spirit, spurs and Stetsons. Its bucking bulls and plumbing Bibles in a dusty ar ena or dropping a hard-won one dollar bill in a boot on the back table later on a punchy sermon. (D1)The nonion Grossman sculpts in her article is part Frederick Remington, part ocean of Galilee. Indeed, fundamentally, its an attitude, whether you ride a bronc or a reckoner keyboard (Grossman 1D). The cowboy church movement seems to cut in on a growing herd of believers in America who seem to think that the values of the church as it should be are undermined by the real urbanity, the very sophistication that has come to characterize modern support and popular culture. They hear their solace in The West, in a picture - however mythical it may be - of a simpler way of life. This is a phenomenon, after all, that exists concurrently with ranchers who hang cell phones where their six-shooter used to be, who use multi-tools to mend fences and all-terrain vehicles to tie down stray livestock. It is an attitude more than anything else. But that attitude is not without some provena nce. Grossman quotes pastor Perry Smith, the leader of Living for the Brand, a cowboy church next to the fairground arena in Athens, Texas The cowboy walk in life is parallel with the lifestyle of deliveryman - doing right and living by your give-and-take (D2). Likewise, cowboy churches themselves seem to be fulfilling the same roles that Jesus did to his followers. The cowboy church movement, for instance, packages its message especially for its audience, much in the same way Jesus used parables because they seeing see not and hearing they know not, incomplete do they understand (Matt.

Characteristics of Criminal Homicides :: essays research papers

Michael Woodworth and Stephen Porter. (August 2002). In Cold ancestry Characteristics of Criminal Homicides as a Function of Psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 111, zero(prenominal) 3, 436-445.OverviewThis study examined the correlation between psychopathy and the characteristics of criminal homicides committed by offenders. ProblemIt was hypothesized that the homicides committed by psychopathic offenders would be more likely to be primarily instrumental (I.e., associated with premeditation, motivated by an external goal, and not preceded by a potent affective reaction) or cold-blooded in nature (Pg. 436). However, homicides committed by nonpsychopaths often would be crimes of passion associated with a high level of impulsivity/reactivity and emotionality.MethodA sample of cxxv Canadian offenders were selected for the study. The entire sample was examined in two different ways. First, triplex coding was used on a random selection of 21 offenders. These people wer e asked questions and scored a number of points depending on their responses. All file cultivation on these offenders were do available to the blind coder. Second, a set of 33 cases were randomly selected for dual coding. These cases were different because all details were not made available to the blind coder.ResultsThe results confirmed the hypothesis homicides committed by psychopathic offenders were more instrumental than homicides by nonpsychopaths. Almost all (93.3%) of the homicides by psychopaths were primarily instrumental in nature compared with 48.4% of the homicides by nonpsychopaths (Pg. 436). ConclusionThe authors conclusions from their study went to audition what they believed to be the outcome. Nothing was found to be shocking or a surprise when reviewing the end results.I feel the authors conclusions hit the nail business on the head.

Salmonella enterica typhi Essay -- Medical Health Biology Essays

Salmonella enterica typhiIntroduction worldwide, enteric fever fever affects around 17 million people annually, causing nearly 600,000 deaths. The causative agent, Salmonella enterica typhi (referred to as Salmonella typhi from now on), is an obligate parasite that has no known natural informant outside of humanitys. Little is known about the historical emergence of human S. typhi infections, however it is thought to have caused the deaths of many famous figures such as British author and poet Rudyard Kipling, the inventor of the airplane, Wilbur Wright, and the Greek Empires black lovage the Great. The earliest recorded epidemic occurred in Jamestown, VA where it is thought that 6,000 people died of typhoid fever in the early 17th Century. This disease is rare in the United States and developed nations, but always poses the risk of emergence. History primarily isolated in 1880 by Karl J. Erberth, S. typhi is a multi-organ pathogen that inhabits the lympathic tissues of the small intestine, liver, spleen, and bloodstream of give humans. It is not known to infect animals and is most common in develop countries with poor sanitary systems and lack of antibiotics, putting travelers to Asia, Latin America, and Africa in a high risk group. Of the 266 people infected in the United States in 2002, approximately 70% had traveled internationally within 6 weeks of the infringement of disease.Microbiological CharacteristicsThis gram-negative enteric bacillus belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a motile, facultative anaerobe that is susceptible to several(prenominal)(a) antibiotics. Currently, 107 strains of this organism have been isolated, many containing varying metabolic characteristics, levels of virulence, and multi-drug r... ...asters have compromised sanitation. Although the relative incidence in the United States is very low, outbreaks and substantial epidemics still remain possible due to worldwide travel and unknowing carriers of the diseas e. The development of antibiotic treatments and several vaccines have presented the possibility of worldwide eradication. Until this is achieved, however, S. typhi and its characteristic typhoid fever result remain a threat for future epidemics.References CitedDennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. Health Canada MSDS of Infectious SubstancesWorld Health Organization Typhoid Fever Fact SheetCenters for indisposition Control and Prevention Typhoid Fever Disease InformationUniversity of Florida medical exam Micribiology and Infectious Diseases Department Salmonella typhi Info Wikipedia.org Typhoid Fever U. of Maryland aesculapian news Typhoid Fever

Willa Cathers Death Comes to the Archbishop: A Narrative :: Willa Cathers Death Comes to the Archbishop

Willa Cathers Death Comes to the Archbishop A NarrativeThough many reviewers of Willa Cathers, Death Comes to the Archbishop, had clog classifying the book, Cather herself preferred to call it a narrative rather than a novel. I tend to agree with Cather. One definition from Websters New World College lexicon defines narrative as a story, which is then delimit as, the revealing of a happening or connected series of happenings, whether true or fictitious. A novel on the other hand is defined as having, a more or less complex patch or pattern of events.Where most books tend to follow certain guidelines as to plot, Cather chooses to take a different route. Trying to create a chronicle that involves clever plot twists, bizarre char executeers, a telling climax, and a alteration denouement, would detract from the simple story she is telling. It is the story of 2 French priests who father been sent to the American Southwest to rejuvenate the Catholic churches in that diocese, durin g the young 1800s. The southwest, during this time period, was harsh and unhurried, and its indigenous people lived simple, remarkable lives. In guardianship with the atmosphere of her story, the book is written almost as though her two main characters are keeping journals. The stories of Bishop Latour and Father Vaillant, who have adopted this low lifestyle, are told in little resumes separated by chapters. Each vignette narrates a meaningful incident in their lives. I find it raise that each chapter, or vignette, can stand on its own as an independent short story, yet it is woven together to create a tapestry of the Fathers lives, with the people they meet and places they go tying it all together. Cather range it best when, in the book, she says, Observing them thus in repose, in the act of reflection, Father Latour was thinking how each of these men not only had a story, but seemed to have become his story (182).This type of narrative written material gives believability t o the people, and a sense of realism to the story.

Hale In the Crucible Conforms Outwardly and Questions Inwardly Essay

The Crucible by Arthur Miller is an fable written ab by the Salem witch trials in 1692. It includes a frame of characters who fully conform to the trials and their consequences, it also contains the opposite, those who do non conform and press it. Of course, as in any story there are characters in the middle that are non sure which side to expect. They go on with it, not willing to stand up, but in their minds they are not completely sure whether or not what theyre doing is right. Reverend scuff is the best example of outward conformity and inward questioning. strong does not start out as such however. In fact he is the reason the witch hunts are started. In the beginning of the carry Hale is c totallyed to Salem to determine whether or not witchcraft is afoot. Witchcraft is expertise, and Hale, caliber and nave, wants to determine whether or not the devil is in Salem. His psychoanalysis is that Tituba is controlling the girls souls, leading the girls, starting with Abiga il of course, to shout out various spate they saw convening with the devil while they were under the control of Tituba. Hale, blindly and unquestioningly conforms to the rest of the town and believes the girls. In fact he leads the way, resulting in fourteen arrests. He is completely unphased by this, and wholly believes that they are all witches and that by arresting them he is doing Gods work.In flirt II Hale, in his true moral values which do not change throughout the course of the play, goes to each house questioning the inhabitants on their loyalty to Christianity. He winds up at the monitor lizard home, where he questions both John and Elizabeth, who are angry at the reasoning of the questioning. They find out that he has questioned Rebecca Nurse as well and this anger... ...tension was picked up by varan sooner than most realized that Hale in fact did not believe what he was saying about the court. This aided proctor in doing what he knew was right. It was certainly not the main factor in Proctors quest for the defeat of the courts, but it undoubtedly contributed to his reasoning. Hales tensions also made Parris, Danforth, and the rest of the folks down at the emeritus courthouse very nervous, which made them encourage the witch hunts even much, pressing the girls for more accusations.Hales radical change takes place throughout the play in three stages and throughout the play contributes greatly. He is the model by which the townspeople follow, though they are behind him they do eventually take his stance on the trials. His conformity and inward questioning are quintessential examples of what every story needs the unsure character.

The Awakenings Symbolic Significance Of The Sea :: essays research papers fc

&65279In the novel, The Awakening, Kate Chopin tells the story of a young marry wo earth,Edna Pontellier, who, while enjoying her summer holidays at a cottage on a beach with herfamily, meets a young humankind by the name of Robert Lebrun. Edna, who is not really in love withher husband, begins to take hold mixed feelings and, as a result, begins to realize who she truly is.Edna feels that something is lacking in her life. The author uses the marine to impersonate andsymbolize what is missing in Ednas life--the love of a man and freedom of the soul. On several occasions Chopin uses the sea as a personification of Ednas longing for thelove of a man. Although Edna is married, she does not have the feelings for her husband whichcoincide with being in love. In one example, Chopin describes the sea The articulation of the sea isseductive never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for aspell in abysses of solitude, to lose itself in mazes of contem plation (13). The sea calls to EdnaThe voice of the sea speaks to the soul. The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body inits blue-blooded , close embrace (13). Chopin is describing the sea as though it was a man with whomEdna is in love and for whom she feels a unvoiced attraction, not just psyche she can make loveto but someone she can capable herself in. Later, the young man, Robert Lebrun, who is stirring upall these feelings in Edna, asks her if she is going liquified she answers him no and tells himshe is too tired. Chopin describes Ednas actions afterwards Her glance wandered from hisface away toward the Gulf, whose sonorous murmur reached her like a loving but imperativeentreaty (12). Chopin is projecting Ednas feelings for Robert, whether Edna is conscious ofthese feelings or not, onto the sea because a part of Edna does want to go swimming with him.Edna also has a strong need for freedom and Chopin, with respect to Ednas character,makes reference to the sea to let loose this need. On one occasion, Edna and Madame Ratignolle,her neighbour for the summer, are sunbathing on the beach. Madame asks Edna to where hermind is wandering. Edna tells her the ocean is bringing back a memory of a field in Kentuckywhich, as a child, she had run through with arms stretched out in the breeze as though swimming

A Sense of Gothic Expressed in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay

A Sense of medieval Expressed in bloody shame Shelleys FrankensteinThe term Gothic has many forms. Its origins go back to the gothic period and can be seen in architecture such as Westminster Abbey in London and the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. It can also be applied to art in the works of Hieronymus Bosch whos wondrous and haunting imagery depicted ugly distorted humans who argon morally degenerate and depraved, and to William Blake who visualised Dantes Divine Comedy. In literature, the Gothic novel is credited as starting with Horace Walpoles Castle of Otranto, (1764) which characterised well-nigh of what would become the essential ingredients in the Gothic genre. I will for the innovation of this assignment discuss what constitutes Gothic in Mary Shellys Frankenstein novel.Mary Shellys novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus was first published in London in 1818 and again with an edited edition in 1831. It was a novel of its time in respect to its romantic style of h uisache and extravagant characters, which are placed in mysterious, remote and exotic settings. Shellys hideous progeny of a novel was largely inspired by her own tragic personal circumstances which saw the untimely stopping point of her mother, half-sister who committed suicide and the death of two of her daughters, one of which died two weeks later a premature birth. Shellys nightmarish vision during a grand thunderstorm while on vacation at the villa Diodati at Lake geneva had a profound effect on ...

Mutualism of Rhinz Essay -- Biology, Symbiosis

Symbiosis refers to a relationship in nature, between two organisms. It can exist in any of 3 formulates. These are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Each of these are different symbiotic systems in which at least one of the organisms gathers from the relationship. In a mutual relationship, both organisms volition benefit in one way or an early(a). In a commensal relationship, one organism will benefit from the partnership, maculation the other will not be hurt or benefitted. Finally, in a parasitic relationship, one organism will benefit from the partnership while the other organism will be harmed or even killed. The accent of this paper is mutual symbiosis erect in nature (Patek, 2011). dependent mutualism is a partnership in which both organisms will benefit from the relationship. This relationship beneficial to both organisms thus is beneficial to the ecosystem, indirectly. An example of this relationship, found in nature, is that of rhizobia and legumes. In this r elationship, both the rhizobium and the legume on which it strives, benefit, in that the legume is enriched with nitrogen and amino acids by the rhizobium, while the rhizobium is habituated the important organic molecules which act as an energy source for the bacteria (Kiers et. Al., 2003). The nitrogen in this reaction is a very important nutrient, as it is a driving force of many photosynthetic processes. This process is carried come forward by the rhizobium bacteria attaching to a nodule on the root hair of the legume plant, taking nitrogen from the air and converting it to a form usable by plants (NH4) utilizing the enzyme nitrogenase, and in return receive the growth molecules it requires (Denison & Kiers, 2004). both(prenominal) organisms do benefit from the partnership they share however, thi... ...c relationship with legume roots. However, this symbiotic relationship, in specific, can exist in one of two forms, every mutual or parasitic. Although the mountain range whi ch exhibits mutualism most prominent among rhizobial populations, the parasitic strand does exist, yet is slowly being eradicated by the constantly evolving legumes. Researchers take on studied the different strands of the bacteria, and have attempted to conclude on the capability of both separate strands. Each has concluded that although the parasitic strands have overmuch less work to do to obtain the essential molecules to aid it in growth, it obtains a significantly smaller amount of the growth molecules, if any. This is because through evolutionary pathways of the legume roots, the parasitic strand is selected against, and the legume favors the more hard-working mutual strand of the rhizobium bacteria.

Belize Logistics Essay -- Belize

The history of Belize dates back thousands of years. The official name of the territory was changed from British Honduras to Belize in June 1973. The current regime of Belize took form when they declared their independence in 1981. This government is headspringed by the Queen of the United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth II, who is acting head of state. The Queen is represented by a Governor General collectable to her having to reside in Great Britain. The Governor General is the true authority in power however, he does not officially run the government that is led by the Prime Minister and his cabinet. Currently in the Senate at that place are 12 genus Phalluss, plus the President of the Senate. The Governor General appoints 6 senators on advice of the Prime Minister, 3 on advice of the leader of the opposition, one member on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and Evangelical Association of Churches and two other members from two straighten out organizations. (http//www.is landflave.com/caribbean-politics/615-belize-politics) Belize has a public-private economy with tourism as the number one contrary exchange earner followed by exports of marine products, citrus, sugar, bananas, and garments. Agriculture currently provides somewhat 71% of the countrys substance foreign exchange earnings, and employs approximately 29% of the total labour force. Belize has a viable fishing industry. Belizes fisheries are put-upon for commercial, as well as for subsistence purposes, and are one of the most heavily exploited natural choices. In an effort to maximize the benefits obtained from the fishing industry, while ensuring its long-term viability, fisheries managers are promoting an expansion in production through diversification of this resource base. Belizes fishin... ...m/Does-Donts.htm http//articles.cnn.com/2006-11-30/travel/if.you.go_1_belizean-belikin-beer-dos?_s=PMTRAVEL http//www.customs.gov.bz/traveller.htmlhttp//belize-guide.info/travel.basics/custo ms/http//www.voyage.gc.ca/countries_pays/report_rapport-eng.asp?id=29000http//www.belizefirst.com/MoneyandBankinginBelize.htmhttp//gocentralamerica.about.com/od/belizeguide/p/BelizeSafety.htmhttp//www.paradisepath.com/belize_ rubber.htmhttp//www.belizedistrict.com/tips.htmlsafety http//belize.com/medical-care-in-belize.html http//www.guidetobelize.info/en/yellow-pages/belize-health-care-medical-current-guide.shtmlhttp//www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/north-central-america/belize http//www.islandflave.com/caribbean-politics/615-belize-politicshttp//www.islandflave.com/caribbean-politics/615-belize-politics

Influenza and War :: Journalism Media Studies Health Medical Essays

Influenza and War This week, flu and the war continue to strickle Manchester, causing mayhem as well as celebration inside the county. Manchester residents, from toddlers to elders, bravely face the influenza epidemic onslaught and stand haughty with minimal fatality. Unfortunately, the influenza epidemic did impact Manchesters social, economic and military t atomic number 53 but without detrimental results.... Influenza, the IllnessAfter c areful observation by medical specialists around the country, it is established that the present form of influenza is no different from any other form of influenza in incline history. Influenza in the epidemic form has visited England previously in 1709, 1732 as well as in 1890.1The cause of the influenza epidemic was observed in the 1890 epidemic as the micro-organism named Bacillus influenzae and the culprit was first set and cultivated during that epidemic. Although this organism is found in severe attacks of influenza, its presence may not be located in all cases of influenza, according to The Manchester withstander Medical Correspondent.2On Monday, July 1, some officials and citizens also suggest that the illness is ca utilise by abnormal atmospheric and climatic or meteorological conditions.3 However, with a few days of observation and with the benefit of hindsight, the theory is discarded. Influenza failed to slack off even after this weeks consistent good weather.4Medical officials agree that one of the characteristic features of the influenza is its air-born infectivity. One case to-day may mean a hundred to-morrow and thousands within a week, according to the chief medical officeholder of the Local Government Board. To protect oneself against the infectious illness that apprize cattle farm without direct contact with the sick, it is recommended that people situate themselves in well-ventilated rooms. However, once you harbor contracted the disease, you are to quarantine yourself in an isolated home.5 Other symptoms of influenza include extreme exhaustion, aching limbs, headaches and sometimes, inflammation of nasal mucous membranes.6The close common preventatives and curatives sold at the chemists are quinine, cinnamon, and eucalyptus, with quinine being a favorite prescription by doctors.7 However, other medicines are also used against the influenza epidemic. The author of Influenza Its Cause and Treatment is noted for stating that Formamint Tablets are the best source of infection prevention. Therefore, every influenza patient should clear four or five of these tablets a day until convalescent.8 Thompsons pure Phenol has also put out an advertisement claiming that its product can act as a cure and preventative of influenza.